Bibliography

Abney, W. d. W. (1913). Researches in colour vision. London: Longmans, Green.

Abney, W. d. W., & Festing, E. R. (1886). Colour photometry. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 177, 423-456.

Abraham, F. A., Alpern, M., & Kirk, D. B. (1985). Electroretinograms evoked by sinusoidal excitation of human cones. Journal of Physiology, 363, 135-150.

Abramov, I., Gordon, J., & Chan, H. (1991). Color appearance in the peripheral retina: effects of stimulus size. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 8, 404-414.

Adelson, E. A. (1982). Saturation and adaptation in the rod system. Vision Research, 22, 1299-1312.

Aguilar, M., & Stiles, W. S. (1954). Saturation of the rod mechanism of the retina at high levels of stimulation. Optica Acta, 1, 59-64.

Ahnelt, P. K., Keri, C., & Kolb, H. (1990). Identification of pedicles of putative blue sensitive cones in human and primate retina. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 293, 39-53.

Ahnelt, P. K., & Kolb, H. (1994a). Horizontal cells and cone photoreceptors in human retina: A Golgi-light microscope study of spectral connectivity. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 343, 406-427.

Ahnelt, P. K., & Kolb, H. (1994b). Horizontal cells and cone photoreceptors in primate retina: A Golgi-light microscope study of spectral connectivity. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 343, 387-405.

Ahnelt, P. K., Kolb, H., & Pflug, R. (1987). Identification of a subtype of cone photoreceptor, likely to be blue sensitive, in the human retina. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 255, 18-34.

Alexander, K. R. (1974). Sensitization by annular surrounds: The effect of test stimulus size. Vision Research, 14, 1107-1113.

Alexander, K. R., & Fishman, G. A. (1984). Rod-cone interaction in flicker perimetry. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 68, 303-309.

Alexander, K. R., & Fishman, G. A. (1985). Rod-cone interaction in flicker perimetry: evidence for a distal retinal locus. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 60, 3-36.

Alexander, K. R., & Kelly, S. A. (1984). The influence of cones on rod saturation with flashed backgrounds. , 24, 507-511.

Alexander, K. R., Kelly, S. A., & Morris, M. A. (1986). Background size and saturation of the rod system. Vision Research, 26, 299-312.

Allen, F. (1923). On reflex visual sensations. Journal of the Optical Society of America and Review of Scientific Instruments, 7, 583-626.

Alpern, A., Lee, G. B., & Spivey, B. E. (1965). π1 cone monochromatism. Archives of Ophthalmology, 74, 334-337.

Alpern, M. (1968). A note on visual latency. Psychological Review, 75, 260-264.

Alpern, M. (1976). Tritanopia. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 53, 340-349.

Alpern, M. (1979). Lack of uniformity in colour matching. Journal of Physiology, 288, 85-105.

Alpern, M. (1987). Variation in the visual pigments of human dichromats and normal human trichromats. In N. R. C. Committee on Vision (Ed.), Frontiers of Visual Science: Proceedings of the 1985 symposium (pp. 169-193) Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Alpern, M., Bastian, B., & Moeller, J. (1982). In search of the elusive long-wave fundamental. Vision Research, 22, 627-634.

Alpern, M., & Campbell, F. W. (1962a). The physiology of mixed and cone spectral response curves. Journal of Physiology, 156, 12-13P.

Alpern, M., & Campbell, F. W. (1962b). The spectral sensitivity of the consensual light reflex. Journal of Physiology, 164, 478-507.

Alpern, M., Falls, H. F., & Lee, G. B. (1960). The enigma of typical total monochromacy. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 50, 996-1012.

Alpern, M., Holland, M. G., & Ohba, N. (1972). Rhodopsin bleaching signals in essential night blindness. Journal of Physiology, 225, 457-476.

Alpern, M., Kitahara, H., & Fielder, G. H. (1987). The change in color matches with retinal angle of incidence of the colorimeter beams. Vision Research, 27, 1763-1778.

Alpern, M., Kitahara, K., & Tamaki, R. (1983). The dependence of the colour and brightness of a monochromatic light upon its angle of incidence on the retina. Journal of Physiology, 338, 651-668.

Alpern, M., Lee, G. B., Maaseidvaag, F., & Miller, S. S. (1971). Colour vision in blue-cone 'monochromacy'. Journal of Physiology, 212, 211-233.

Alpern, M., & Moeller, J. (1977). The red and green cone visual pigments of deuteranomalous trichromacy. Journal of Physiology, 266, 647-675.

Alpern, M., & Pugh, E. N. (1977). Variation in the action spectrum of erythrolabe among deuteranopes. Journal of Physiology, 266, 613-646.

Alpern, M., & Wake, T. (1977). Cone pigments in human deutan color vision defects. Journal of Physiology, 266, 595-612.

Ambrose, J. M., & Hayhoe, M. M. (1982). Surround configuration and cone dark adaptation. Vision Research, 20, 883-890.

Anhelt, P., & Kolb, H. (1994). Horizontal cells and cone photoreceptors in primate retina: a Golgi-light microscope study of spectral connectivity. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 343, 387-405.

Anhelt, P. K., Kolb, H., & Pflug, R. (1987). Identification of a subtype of cone photoreceptor, likely to be blue sensitive, in the human retina. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 255, 18-34.

Anstis, S., & Cavanagh, P. (1983). A minimum motion technique for judging equiluminance. In J. D. Mollon & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Colour Vision: Physiology and Psychophysics New York: Academic Press.

Arden, G. B., & Brown, K. T. (1965). Some properties of components of the cat electroretinogram revealed by local recordings under oil. Journal of Physiology, 176, 429-461.

Arden, G. B., Carter, R. M., Hogg, C. R., Powell, D. J., Ernst, W. J. K., Clover, G. M., Lyness, A. L., & Quinlan, M. P. (1983). A modified ERG technique and the results obtained in X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 67, 419-430.

Arden, G. B., & Hogg, C. R. (1985). Rod-cone interaction and analysis of retinal disease. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 69, 404-415.

Arden, G. B., & Weale, R. A. (1954). Variations of the latent period of vision. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B142, 258-269.

Arend, L. E., & Timberlake, G. T. (1986). What is psychophysically perfect image stabilization? Do perfectly stabilized images always disappear? Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 3, 235-241.

Asenjo, A. B., Rim, J., & Oprian, D. D. (1994). Molecular determinants of human red/green color discrimination. Neuron, 12, 1131-1138.

Ashmore, J. F., & Falk, G. (1979). Transmission of visual signals to bipolar cells near absolute threshold. Vision Research, 19, 419-423.

Ashmore, J. F., & Falk, G. (1980). Responses of rod bipolar cells in the dark-adapted retina of the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. Journal of Physiology, 300, 115-150.

Auerbach, E., Godel, V., & H., R. (1969). An electrophysiological study and psychophysical study of two forms of congenital night blindness. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 8, 332-345.

Augenstein, E. J., & Pugh, E. N. (1977). The dynamics of the π1 color mechanism: further evidence for two sites of adaptation. Journal of Physiology, 272, 247-281.

Baker, C. H. (1952a). The dependence of binocular fusion on timing of peripheral stimuli and on central process. 1. Symmetrical flicker. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 6, 1-10.

Baker, C. H. (1952b). The dependence of binocular fusion on timing of peripheral stimuli and on central process. 1. Symmetrical flicker (continued). Canadian Journal of Psychology, 6, 84-91.

Baker, C. H. (1952c). The dependence of binocular fusion on timing of peripheral stimuli and on central process. 2. Asymmetrical flicker. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 6, 123-130.

Baker, C. H. (1952d). The dependence of binocular fusion on timing of peripheral stimuli and on central process. 3. Cortical flicker. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 6, 151-163.

Baker, C. H., & Bott, E. A. (1951). II. Effects of timing of visual stimuli on binocular fusion and flicker. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 5, 9-17.

Baldridge, W. H., Vaney, D. I., & Weiler, R. (1998). The modulation of intercellular coupling in the retina. Seminars in cell and developmental biology, 9, 311-318.

Ball, R. J. (1964). An investigation of chromatic brightness enhancement tendencies. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 41, 333-361.

Ball, R. J., & Bartley, S. H. (1966). Changes in brightness index, saturation and hue produced by luminance-wavelength-temporal interactions. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 66, 695-699.

Ball, R. J., & Bartley, S. H. (1968). Brightness and saturation changes resultant from temporal manipulation of spectral photic input for normal and color-deficient observers. Journal of Psychology, 68, 55-61.

Ball, R. J., & Bartley, S. H. (1971). Several aspects of visual perception. Journal of the American Optometry Association, 42, 649-652.

Barlow, H. B. (1952). Eye movements during fixation. Journal of Physiology, 116, 290-306.

Barlow, H. B. (1958a). Intrinsic noise of cones, Visual Problems of Colour, Volume 2 (pp. 617-630) London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

Barlow, H. B. (1958b). Temporal and spatial summation in human vision at different background intensities. Journal of Physiology, 141, 337-350.

Barlow, H. B. (1964). Dark-adaptation: a new hypothesis. Vision Research, 4, 47-58.

Barlow, H. B. (1972). Dark and light adaptation: Psychophysics. In D. Jameson & L. H. Hurvich (Eds.), Handbook of Sensory Physiology (pp. 1-28) Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Barlow, H. B. (1982). What causes trichromacy? A theoretical analysis using comb-filter spectra. Vision Research, 22, 635-643.

Barlow, H. B., Fitzhugh, R., & Kuffler, S. W. (1957). Change of organization in the receptive fields of the cat's retina during dark adaptation. Journal of Physiology, 137, 338-354.

Barlow, H. B., & Levick, W. R. (1969a). Coding of light intensity by the cat retina. In W. Reichardt (Ed.), Processing of the Optical Data by Organisms and by Machines (pp. 385-396) New York: Academic Press.

Barlow, H. B., & Levick, W. R. (1969b). Three factors limiting the reliable detection of light by retinal ganglion cells of the cat. Journal of Physiology, 200, 1-24.

Barlow, H. B., & Levick, W. R. (1976). Threshold setting by the surround of cat retinal ganglion cells. Journal of Physiology, 259, 737-57.

Barlow, H. B., Levick, W. R., & Yoon, M. (1971). Responses to single quanta of light in retinal ganglion cells of THE cat. Vision Research (supplement), 3, 87-101.

Barlow, H. B., & Sakitt, B. (1973). Doubts about scotopic interactions in stabilized vision. Vision Research, 13, 523-524.

Barlow, H. B., & Sparrock, J. M. B. (1964). The role of afterimages in dark adaptation. Science, 144, 1309-1314.

Bartley, S. H. (1936). Temporal and spatial summation of extrinsic impulses with intrisic activuty of the cortex. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology, 8, 41-50.

Bartley, S. H. (1938). A central mechanism in brightness enhancement. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 38, 535-536.

Bartley, S. H. (1939). Some effects of intermittent photic stimulation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 462-480.

Bartley, S. H. (1951a). Brightness comparisons when one eye is stimulated intermittently and the other steadily. Journal of Psychology, 34, 165-167.

Bartley, S. H. (1951b). Brightness enhancement in relation to target intensity. Journal of Psychology, 32, 57-62.

Bartley, S. H., & Nelson, T. M. (1960). Certain chromatic and brightness changes associated with rate of intermittency of photic stimulation. Journal of Psychology, 50, 323-332.

Bastian, B. L. (1976). Individual differences among the photopigments of protan observers. Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Battersby, W. S., & Wagman, I. H. (1964). Light adaptation kinetics: the influence of spatial factors. Science, 143, 1029-1031.

Bauer, G. M., Frumkes, T. E., & Holstein, G. R. (1983). The influence of rod light and dark adaptation upon rod-cone interaction. Journal of Physiology, 337, 121-135.

Bauer, G. M., Frumkes, T. E., & Nygaard, R. W. (1983). The signal-to-noise characteristic of rod-cone interaction. Journal of Physiology, 337, 101-119.

Baylor, D. A. (1987). Photoreceptor signals and vision. Proctor Lecture. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 28, 34-49.

Baylor, D. A., & Fettiplace, R. (1976). Transmission of signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells in the eye of the turtle. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia in Quantative Biology, 40, 529-536.

Baylor, D. A., & Fettiplace, R. (1977). Kinetics of synaptic transfer from receptors to ganglion cells in turtle retina. Journal of Physiology, 271, 425-448.

Baylor, D. A., & Hodgkin, A. L. (1974a). Changes in time scale and sensitivity in turtle photoreceptors. Journal of Physiology, 242, 729-58.

Baylor, D. A., & Hodgkin, A. L. (1974b). Reconstruction of the electrical responses of turtle cones to flashes and steps of light. Journal of Physiology, 242, 759-791.

Baylor, D. A., Hodgkin, A. L., & Lamb, T. D. (1974). The electrical response of turtle cones to flashes and steps of light. Journal of Physiology, 242, 685-727.

Baylor, D. A., Lamb, T. D., & Yau, K. W. (1979). The membrane current of single rod outer segments. Journal of Physiology, 288, 589-611.

Baylor, D. A., Nunn, B. J., & Schnapf, J. L. (1984). The photocurrent, noise and spectral sensitivity of rods of the monkey Macaca fascicularis. Journal of Physiology, 357, 575-607.

Baylor, D. A., Nunn, B. J., & Schnapf, J. L. (1987). Spectral sensitivity of the cones of the monkey Macaca fascicularis. Journal of Physiology, 390, 145-160.

Bedford, R. E., & Wyszecki, G. (1957). Axial chromatic aberration of the human eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 48, 129-???

Benardete, E. A., & Kaplan, E. (1997). The receptive field of primate P retinal ganglion cell, I: Linear dynamics. Visual Neuroscience, 14, 169-185.

Berendschot, T. T. J. M., van der Kraats, J., & van Norren, D. (1996). Foveal cone mosaic and visual pigment density in dichromats. Journal of Physiology, 492, 307-314.

Berson, E. L., Sandberg, M. A., Maguire, A., Bromley, W. C., & Roderick, T. H. (1986). Electroretinograms in carriers of blue cones monochromatism. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 102, 254-261.

Biersdorf, W. R., Granda, A. M., & Lawson, H. F. (1965). Electrical measurements of incremental thresholds in the human eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 55, 454-455.

Blachowski, S. (1913). Studien uber Binnencontrast. , 47, 291-300.

Blackwell, H. R., & Blackwell, O. M. (1957). Blue mono-cone monochromacy: a new color vision defect. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 47, 338.

Blackwell, H. R., & Blackwell, O. M. (1960). Visual functions of typical and atypical congenital achromatopsia. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 49, 1047-1048.

Blackwell, H. R., & Blackwell, O. M. (1961). Rod and cone receptor mechanisms in typical and atypical congenital achromatopsia. Vision Research, 1, 62-107.

Blake, R., Wilson, H., & Pokorny, J. (1987). Diplopia thresholds and disparity scaling in the isolated blue cone system. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 28, 293.

Blakemore, C. B., & Rushton, W. A. H. (1965). Dark adaptation and increment threshold in a rod monochromat. Journal of Physiology, 181, 612-628.

Blick, D. W., & MacLeod, D. I. A. (1978). Rod threshold: influence of neighbouring cones. Vision Research, 18, 1611-1616.

Blon, L. (1723). Il Coloritto. London: unknown.

Blythe, I. M., Bromley, J. M., Holliday, I. E., & Ruddock, K. H. (1986). The contribution of blue-sensitive cones to spatial response of post-receptoral visual channels in man. Spatial Vision, 1, 277-289.

Bode, H. W. (1945). Network analysis and feedback amplifier design. Princeton: van Nostrand.

Bode, H. W. (1953). Network analysis and feedback amplifier design. Princeton: Van Nostrand.

Bone, R. A., Landrum, J. T., & Cains, A. (1992). Optical density spectra of the macular pigment in vivo and in vitro. Vision Research, 32, 105-110.

Bone, R. A., Landrum, J. T., Fernandez, L., & Tarsis, S. L. (1988). Analysis of the macular pigment by HPLC: retinal distribution and age study. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 29, 843-849.

Bone, R. A., & Sparrock, J. M. B. (1971). Comparison of macular pigment densities in the human eye. Vision Research, 11, 1057-1064.

Bongard, M. M., & Smirnov, M. S. (1954). Determination of the eye spectral sensitivity curves from spectral mixture curves. Doklady Akademiia nauk S.S.S.R., 102, 1111-1114.

Boring, E. G. (1942). Sensation and perception in the history of psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Bornschein, H., & Schubert, G. (1953). Elektroretinogramm des Menschen. Zeitschrift für Biologie, 106, 229-238.

Bouma, P. J. (1942). Mathematical relationship between the colour vision system of trichromats and dichromats. Physica, 9, 773-784.

Bouman, M. A., & van den Brink, G. (1954). Variation of Integrative action in the retinal system: an adaptational phenomenon. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 44, 616-620.

Bowmaker, J. K. (1990). Cone visual pigments in monkeys and humans. In N. R. C. Committee on Vision (Ed.), Advances in Photoreception: Proceedings of a Symposium on the Frontiers of Visual Science Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Bowmaker, J. K., Astell, S., Hunt, D. M., & Mollon, J. D. (1991). Photosensitive and photostable pigments in the retinae of old world monkeys. Journal of Experimental Biology, 156, 1-19.

Bowmaker, J. K., Dartnall, H. J., & Mollon, J. D. (1979). The violet-sensitive receptors of primate retinae [proceedings]. Journal of Physiology, 292, 31P.

Bowmaker, J. K., Dartnall, H. J., & Mollon, J. D. (1980a). Microspectrophotometric demonstration of four classes of photoreceptor in an old world primate, Macaca fascicularis. Journal of Physiology, 298, 131-43.

Bowmaker, J. K., & Dartnall, H. J. A. (1980). Visual pigments of rods and cones in the human retina. Journal of Physiology, 298, 501-512.

Bowmaker, J. K., Dartnall, H. J. A., Lythgoe, J. N., & Mollon, J. D. (1978). The visual pigments of rods and cones in the rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta. Journal of Physiology, 274, 329-348.

Bowmaker, J. K., Dartnall, H. J. A., & Mollon, J. D. (1980b). Microspectrophotometric demonstration of four classes of photo-receptor in an Old World primate, Macaca fascicularis. Journal of Physiology, 298, 131-143.

Bowmaker, J. K., Jacobs, G. H., & Mollon, J. D. (1987). Polymorphism of photopigments in the squirrel monkey: a sixth phenotype. Proceeding of the Royal Society of London, B231, 383-90.

Bowmaker, J. K., Jacobs, G. H., Spiegelhalter, D. J., & Mollon, J. D. (1985). Two types of trichromatic squirrel monkey share a pigment in the red-green spectral region. Vision Research, 25, 1937-46.

Bowmaker, J. K., Mollon, J. D., & Jacobs, G. H. (1983). Microspectrophotometric results for Old and New World primates. In J. D. Mollon & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Colour Vision London: Academic.

Boycott, B. B., & Dowling, J. E. (1969). Organisation of the primate retina: Light microscopy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B255, 109-184.

Boycott, B. B., Hopkins, J. M., & Sperling, H. G. (1987). Cone connections of the horizontal cells of the rhesus monkey's retina. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B229, 345-379.

Boycott, B. B., & Wässle, H. (1991). Morphological classification of bipolar cells of the primate retina. European Journal of Neuroscience, 3, 1069-1088.

Boynton, R. M. (1963). Contributions of threshold measurements to color-discrimination theory. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 53, 165-178.

Boynton, R. M. (1979). Human Color Vision. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Boynton, R. M. (1988). Color Vision. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 69-100.

Boynton, R. M., & Baron, W. S. (1974). Sinusoidal flicker characteristics of primate cones in response to heterochromatic stimuli. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 65, 1091-1100.

Boynton, R. M., Das, S. R., & Gardiner, J. (1966). Interactions between photopic visual mechanisms revealed by mixing conditioning fields. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 56, 1775-1780.

Boynton, R. M., Ikeda, M., & Stiles, W. S. (1964). Interactions among chromatic mechanisms as inferred from positive and negative increment thresholds. Vision Research, 4, 87-117.

Boynton, R. M., & Kaiser, P. (1968). Vision: the additivity law made to work for heterochromatic photometry with bipartite fields. Science, 161, 366-368.

Boynton, R. M., Sturr, J. F., & Ikeda, M. (1961). Study of flicker by increment threshold technique. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 51, 196-201.

Boynton, R. M., & Wagner, M. (1961). Two-color threshold as a test of color vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 51, 429-440.

Boynton, R. M., & Whitten, D. N. (1970). Visual adaptation in monkey cones: Recordings of late receptor potentials. Science, 170, 1423-26.

Brandstätter, J. H., Hack, I., & Peichl, L. (1999). Localization of an AMPA receptor at synapses between rod photoreceptors and putative OFF-cone bipolar cells in the rodent retina. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 40, S790.

Breton, M. E., & Cowan, W. B. (1981). Deuteranomolous color matching in the deuteranopic eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 71, 1220-1223.

Brewster, D. (1838). On the influence of succession of light upon the retina. Philosophical Magazine, 4, 241.

Brindley, G. S. (1953). The effects on colour vision of adaptation to very bright lights. Journal of Physiology, 122, 332-350.

Brindley, G. S. (1954). The summation areas of human colour-receptive mechanisms at increment threshold. Journal of Physiology, 124, 400-408.

Brindley, G. S. (1955). The colour of light of very long wavelength. Journal of Physiology, 130, 35-44.

Brindley, G. S. (1957). Two theorems in colour vision. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 9, 101-112.

Brindley, G. S. (1960). Two more visual theorems. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 110-112.

Brindley, G. S. (1962). Beats produced by simultaneous stimulation of the human eye with intermittent light and intermittent or alternating electric current. Journal of Physiology, 164, 157-167.

Brindley, G. S., Du Croz, J. J., & Rushton, W. A. H. (1966). The flicker fusion frequency of the blue-sensitive mechanism of colour vision. Journal of Physiology, 183, 497-500.

Broca, A. (1901). Causes retiniennes de variation de l'acuite visuelle en lumiere blanche. Journal de Physiologie et Pathologie generale, 3, 384-392.

Brooke, R. T. (1951). The variation of critical fusion frequency with brightness at various retinal locations. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 41, 1010-1016.

Brown, J. L. (1965). Flicker and Intermittent Stimulation. In C. H. Graham (Ed.), Vision and Visual Perception (pp. 251-320) New York: Wiley.

Brown, K. T., & Watanabe, K. (1962). Isolation and identification of a receptor potential from the pure cone fovea of the monkey retina. Nature, 193, 958-960.

Brown, K. T., & Wiesel, T. N. (1961a). Analysis of the intraretinal electroretinogram in the intact cat eye. Journal of Physiology, 158, 229-256.

Brown, K. T., & Wiesel, T. N. (1961b). Localization of origins of electroretinogram components by intraretinal recording in the intact cat eye. Journal of Physiology, 158, 257-280.

Brown, P. K., & Wald, G. (1963). Visual pigments in human and monkey retinas. Nature, 200, 37-43.

Brücke, E. (1848). Über die Nutzeffect intermitterender Netzhautreizungen. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 49, 128-153.

Buck, S. L., Berger, A., & Cook, J. (1984). Rod-cone interactions: effects of test size, duration and eccentricity. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 1, 1327A.

Buck, S. L., Knight, R., & Hogden, U. (1985). Why rod-cone interactions? Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2, P26.

Buck, S. L., & Makous, W. (1981). Rod-cone interaction on large and small backgrounds. Vision Research, 21, 1181-1187.

Buck, S. L., Peebles, D. R., & Makous, W. (1979). Spatial patterns of rod-cone interaction. Vision Research, 19, 775-782.

Buck, S. L., Peeples, D. R., & Makous, W. (1979). Spatial patterns of rod-cone interaction. Vision Research, 19, 775-782.

Buck, S. L., Stone, S., & Dacey, D. M. (1997). Physiology of rod-cone interactions in the AII amacrine. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 38, S708.

Burch, G. (1898). On artificial temporary colour-blindness, with an examination of the colour sensations of 109 persons. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 191, 1-34.

Burkhardt, D. A. (1994). Light adaptation and photopigment bleaching in cone photopreceptors in situ in the retina of the turtle. Journal of Neuroscience, 14, 1091-1105.

Burns, S. A., & Elsner, A. E. (1985). Color matching at high luminances: the color-match-area effect and photopigment bleaching. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2, 698-704.

Burns, S. A., & Elsner, A. E. (1993). Color matching at high luminances: photopigment optical density and pupil entry. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 10, 221-230.

Burns, S. A., & Elsner, A. E. (1996). Response of the retina at low temporal frequencies. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 13, 667-672.

Burns, S. A., Elsner, A. E., & Kreitz, M. R. (1992). Analysis of nonlinearities in the flicker ERG. Optometry and Vision Science, 69, 95-105.

Burton, G. J. (1973). Evidence for non-linear response processes in the human visual system from measurements on the thresholds of spatial beat frequencies. Vision Research, 13, 1211-1225.

Bush, W. R. (1955). Foveal light adaptation as affected by the spectral composition of the test and adapting stimuli. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 45, 1047-1057.

Buss, C. M., Hayhoe, M. M., & Stromeyer, C. F. (1982). Lateral interactions in the control of visual sensitivity. Vision Research, 22, 693-709.

Byram, G. M. (1944). The physical and photochemical basis of visual resolving power Part II. Visual acuity and the photochemistry of the retina. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 34, 718-738.

Calkins, D. J. (1994). Microcircuitry of M and L cone midget ganglion cell pathways in the primate fovea. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania.

Calkins, D. J. (1999). Synaptic organization of cone pathways in the primate retina. In K. Gegenfurtner & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Color vision: from genes to perception Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Calkins, D. J., Schein, S. J., Tsukamoto, Y., & Sterling, P. (1994). M and L cones in macaque fovea connect to midget ganglion cells by different numbers of excitatory synapses. Nature, 371, 70-72.

Calkins, D. J., & Sterling, P. (1996). Absence of spectrally specific lateral inputs to midget ganglion cells in primate retina. Nature, 381, 613-615.

Calkins, D. J., Tsukamato, Y., & Sterling, P. (1996). Foveal cones form basal as well as invaginating junctions with diffuse ON bipolar cells. Vision Research, 36, 3373-3381.

Calkins, D. J., Tsukamato, Y., & Sterling, P. (1998). Microcircuitry and mosaic of a blue-yellow ganglion cell in the primate retina. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 3373-3385.

Campbell, F. W., & Green, D. G. (1965). Optical and retinal factors affecting visual resolution. Journal of Physiology, 181, 576-593.

Capovilla, M., Hare, W. A., & Owen, W. G. (1987). Voltage gain of signal transfer from retinal rods to bipolar cells in the tiger salamander. Journal of Physiology, 391, 125-140.

Carpenter, R. H. S. (1972a). Afterimages on backgrounds of different luminance: A new phenomenon and a hypothesis. Journal of Physiology, 226, 713-724.

Carpenter, R. H. S. (1972b). Electrical stimulation of the human eye in different states of adaptation. Journal of Physiology, 221, 137-148.

Carr, R. E. (1974). Congenital stationary nightblindness. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society, 72, 448-487.

Carr, R. E., Ripps, H., Siegel, I. M., & Weale, R. A. (1966a). Rhodopsin and the electrical activity of the retina in congenital night blindness. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 5, 497-507.

Carr, R. E., Ripps, H., Siegel, I. M., & Weale, R. A. (1966b). Visual functions in congenital night blindness. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 5, 508-514.

Carr, R. E., & Siegel, I. M. (1964). Electrophysiological aspects of several diseases. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 58, 95-107.

Castano, J. A., & Sperling, H. (1982). Sensitivity of the blue-sensitive cones across the retina. Vision Research, 22, 661-673.

Cavanagh, P. (1991). The contribution of colour to motion. In A. Valberg & B. B. Lee (Eds.), From pigments to perception. Advances in understanding visual processes New York: Plenum.

Cavanagh, P., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Anstis, S. M. (1987). Equiluminance: spatial and temporal factors and the contribution of blue-sensitive cones. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 4, 1428-1438.

Cavonius, C. R. (1979). Binocular interactions in flicker. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 31, 273-280.

Cavonius, C. R., & Estevez, O. (1975). Contrast sensitivity of individual colour mechanisms of human colour vision. Journal of Physiology, 124, 400-408.

Cavonius, C. R., & Sternheim, C. E. (1972). Sensitivity of the human ERG and VECP to sinusoidally modulated lights. Vision Research, 12, 1685-1695.

Chang, Y., Kreitz, M. R., & Burns, S. A. (1993). Red-green flciker photometry and nonlinearities in the flicker electroretinogram. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 10, 1413-1422.

Chen, B., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Stockman, A. (1985). Does light adaptation alter the extent of spatial integration? Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 26, 11.

Chen, B., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Stockman, A. (1987). Improvement in human vision under bright light: grain or gain? Journal of Physiology, 394, 41-66.

Chen, B., & Makous, W. (1990). Temporal modulation at high spatial frequencies. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 31, 428.

Chen, B., Makous, W., & Williams, D. R. (1993). Serial spatial filters in vision. Vision Research, 33, 413-427.

Chun, M.-H., Grünert, U., Martin, P. R., & Wässle, H. (1996). The synaptic complex of cones in the fovea and periphery of the macaque monkey retina. Vision Research, 36, 3383-3395.

Chun, M.-H., Han, S.-H., Chung, J.-W., & Wässle, H. (1993). Electron microscopic analysis of the rod pathway of the rat retina. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 332, 421-432.

Cicerone, C. M., Gowdy, P. D., & Otake, S. (1994). Composition and arrangement of the cone mosaic in the living human eye. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 35, 1571.

Cicerone, C. M., & Green, D. G. (1977). Relative modulation sensitivities of the red and green color mechanisms. Vision Research, 18, 1593-1598.

Cicerone, C. M., & Nerger, J. L. (1989). The relative numbers of long-wavelength-sensitive to middle-wavelength-sensitive cones in the human fovea centralis. Vision Research, 29, 115-128.

CIE. (1926). Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage Proceedings, 1924. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

CIE. (1932). Commission Internationale de l' Éclairage Proceedings, 1931. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cleland, B. D., & Enroth-Cugell, C. (1968). Quantitative aspects of sensitivity and summation in the cat retina. Journal of Physiology, 198, 17-38.

Coblentz, W. W., & Emerson, W. B. (1918). Relative sensibility of the average eye to light of different color and some practical applications. U.S. Bureau of Standards Bulletin, 14, 167.

Cohen, E., & Sterling, P. (1992). Parallel circuits from cones to the on-beta ganglion cell. European Journal of Neuroscience, 4, 506-520.

Cole, G. R. (1985). Luminance and chromaticity signal processing in the human visual system. Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University.

Coletta, N. J., & Adams, A. J. (1984). Rod-cone interaction in flicker detection. Vision Research, 24, 1333-1340.

Conner, J. D. (1982). The temporal properties of rod vision. Journal of Physiology, 332, 139-155.

Conner, J. D., & MacLeod, D. I. A. (1977). Rod photoreceptors detect rapid flicker. Science, 195, 689-699.

Cornsweet, T. N. (1962). The staircase method in psychophysics. American Journal of Psychology, 75, 485-491.

Cornsweet, T. N., & Teller, D. Y. (1965). Relation of increment thresholds to brightness and luminance. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 55, 1303-1308.

Craik, K. J. W. (1938). The effect of adaptation on differential brightness adaptation. Journal of Physiology, 92, 406-421.

Craik, K. J. W., & Vernon, M. D. (1941). The nature of dark adaptation. British Journal of Psychology, 32, 62-81.

Crawford, B. H. (1940). The effect of field size and pattern on the change of visual sensitivity with time. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B129, 94-106.

Crawford, B. H. (1946). Photochemical laws and visual phenomena. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B133, 63-75.

Crawford, B. H. (1947). Visual adaptation in relation to brief conditioning stimuli. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B134, 283-302.

Crawford, B. H. (1949). The scotopic visibility function. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, B62, 321-334.

Crawford, B. H. (1965). Color matching and adaptation. Vision Research, 5, 71-78.

Curcio, C. A., Allen, K. A., Sloan, K. R., Lerea, C. L., Hurley, J. B., Klock, I. B., & Milam, A. H. (1991). Distribution and morphology of human cone photoreceptors stained with anti-blue opsin. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 312, 610-624.

Curcio, C. A., Sloan, K. R., Kalina, R. E., & Hendrickson, A. E. (1990). Human photoreceptor topography. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 292, 497-523.

Cushman, W. B., & Levinson, J. Z. (1983). Phase shift in red and green counter-phase flicker at high frequencies. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 73, 1557-1561.

Dacey, D. M. (1993). Morphology of a small-field bistratified ganglion cell type in the macaque and human retina. Visual Neuroscience, 10, 1081-1098.

Dacey, D. M. (1996a). Society of Neuroscience Abstracts, 22, 492.

Dacey, D. M. (1996b). Circuitry for color coding in the primate retina. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 93, 582-588.

Dacey, D. M., & Lee, B. B. (1994). The 'blue-on' opponent pathway in primate retina originates from a distinct bistratified ganglion cell type. Nature, 367, 731-735.

Dacey, D. M., & Lee, B. B. (1999). Functional architecture of cone signal pathways in primate retina. In K. Gegenfurtner & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Color vision: from genes to perception Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dacey, D. M., Lee, B. B., Stafford, D. K., Pokorny, J., & Smith, V. C. (1996). Horizontal cells of the primate retina: cone specificity without spectral opponency. Science, 271, 656-659.

Dacheux, R. F., & Raviola, E. (1986). The rod pathway in the rabbit retina: a depolarizing bipolar and amacrine cell. Journal of Neuroscience, 6, 331-345.

Dacheux, R. F., & Raviola, E. (1988). Intracellular recordings from H1 horizontal cells in the monkey retina. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 29, 224.

Dacheux, R. F., & Raviola, E. (1990). Physiology of H1 horizontal cells in the primate retina. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 239, 213-230.

Daitch, J. M., & Green, D. G. (1969). Contrast sensitivity of the human peripheral retina. Vision Research, 9, 947-952.

Dartnall, H. J., Bowmaker, J. K., & Mollon, J. D. (1983a). Human visual pigments: microspectrophotometric results from the eyes of seven persons. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B220, 115-30.

Dartnall, H. J. A. (1953). The interpretation of spectral sensitivity curves. British Medical Bulletin, 9, 24-30.

Dartnall, H. J. A. (1962). The photobiology of visual processes. In H. Davson (Ed.), The Eye New York: Academic Press.

Dartnall, H. J. A. (1968). The photosensitivities of the visual pigments in the presence of hydroxylamine. Vision Research, 8, 39-58.

Dartnall, H. J. A., Bowmaker, J. K., & Mollon, J. D. (1983b). Human visual pigments: microspectrophotometric results from the eyes of seven persons. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 220, 115-130.

Daw, N. W., & Enoch, J. M. (1973). Contrast sensitivity, Westheimer function and Stiles-Crawford effect in a blue cone monochromat. Vision Research, 13, 1669-1680.

Daw, N. W., Jensen, R. J., & Brunken, W. J. (1990). Rod pathways in mammalian retinae. Trends in Neurosciences, 13, 110-115.

Dawson, W. W., Trick, G. L., & Litzkow, C. A. (1979). Improved electrode for electroretinography. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 18, 988-991.

De Lange, H. (1952). Experiments on flicker and some calculations on an electrical analogue of the foveal systems. Physica, 18, 935-950.

De Lange, H. (1958a). Research into the dynamic nature of the human fovea-cortex systems with intermittent and modulated light. I. Attenuation characteristics with white and colored light. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 48, 777-784.

De Lange, H. (1958b). Research into the dynamic nature of the human fovea-cortex systems with intermittent and modulated light. II. Phase shift in brightness and delay in color perception. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 48, 784-789.

De Monasterio, F. M. (1978). Properties of concentrically organised X and Y ganglion cells of macaque retina. Journal of Neurophysiology, 41, 1394-1417.

De Monasterio, F. M., & Gouras, P. (1975). Functional properties of ganglion cells of the rhesus monkey retina. Journal of Physiology, 251, 167-195.

De Monasterio, F. M., Gouras, P., & Tolhurst, D. J. (1975). Trichromatic colour opponency in ganglion cells of the rhesus monkey retina. Journal of Physiology, 251, 197-216.

De Valois, R. L., Snodderly, D. M., Yund, E. W., & Hepler, N. K. (1977). Responses of macaque lateral geniculate cells to luminance and color figures. Sensory Processes, 1, 244-259.

De Vries, H. (1949). An extension of Helmholtz's theory of colour vision. Revue d'Optique, 28, 91-100.

De Vries, H. L. (1948a). The fundamental response curves of normal and abnormal dichromatic and trichromatic eyes. Physica, 14, 367-380.

De Vries, H. L. (1948b). The luminosity curve of the eye as determined by measurements with the flicker photometer. Physica, 14, 319-348.

Deeb, S. S., Lindsey, D. T., Hbiya, Y., Sanocki, E., Winderickx, J., Teller, D. Y., & Motulsky, A. G. (1992). Molecular patterns of X chromosome-linked color vision genes among 134 men of European ancestry. American Journal of Human Genetics, 51, 687-700.

DeMarco, P., Pokorny, J., & Smith, V. C. (1992). Full spectrum cone sensitivity functions for X-chromosome linked anomalous trichromats. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 9, 1465-1476.

Derrington, A. M., Krauskopf, J., & Lennie, P. (1984). Chromatic mechanisms in lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque. Journal of Physiology, 357, 241-265.

Derrington, A. M., & Lennie, P. (1982). The influence of temporal frequency and adaptation level on receptive field organization of retinal ganglion cells in cat. Journal of Physiology, 333, 343-366.

Derrington, A. M., & Lennie, P. (1984). Spatial and temporal contrast sensitivities of neurones in the lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque. Journal of Physiology, 357, 219-240.

Detwiler, P. B., Hodgkin, A. L., & McNaughton, P. A. (1978). A surprising property of electrical spread in the network of rods in the turtle retina. Nature, 274, 562-565.

DeVries, S. H., & Baylor, D. A. (1997). Mosaic arrangement of ganglion cell receptive fields in rabbit retina. Journal of Neurophysiology, 78.

Dick, E., & Miller, R. F. (1978). Light-evoked potassium activity in mudpuppy retina: its relationship to the b-wave of the electroretinogram. Brain Research, 154, 388-394.

Dittmers, F. (1920). Über die Abhangigkeit der Unterschiedsschwelle fur Helligkeiten von der antagonistischen Induktion. Zeitschrift für Sinnesphysiologie, 51, 214-232.

Dodge, F. A., Knight, B. W., & Toyoda, J. (1968). Voltage noise in Limulus visual cells. Science, 160, 88.

Dodt, E., van Lith, G. H. M., & Schmidt, B. (1967). Electroretinographic evaluation of the photopic malfunction in a totally colour blind. Vision Research, 7, 231-241.

Dodt, E., & Walther, J. B. (1958). Der photopische Dominator im Flimmer-ERG der Katze. Pflügers Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und Tiere, 266, 175-186.

Donders, F. C. (1881). Über Farbensysteme. Archive für Opthalmologie Berlin, 27, 155-223.

Donner, K. O. (1958). The spectral sensitivity of vertebrate retinal elements, Visual Problems of Colour, Volume 2 (pp. 539-563) London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

Dowling, J. E. (1987). The retina, an approachable part of the brain. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Dowling, J. E., & Boycott, B. B. (1966). Organization of the primate retina: electronmicroscopy. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B166, 80-111.

Drum, B. (1980). Cone threshold versus retinal eccentricity: changes with dark adaptation. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 19, 432-435.

Drum, B. (1982). Summation of rod and cone responses at absolute threshold. Vision Research, 22, 823-826.

Drum, B. (1983). Short-wavelength cones contribute to achromatic sensitivity. Vision Research, 23, 1433-1439.

Drum, B. (1984). Cone response latency and log sensitivity: proportional changes with light adaptation. Vision Research, 24, 323-331.

Drum, B. A. (1977). Cone interactions at high flicker frequencies: Evidence for cone latency differences? Journal of the Optical Society of America, 67, 1601-1603.

Drummond-Borg, M., Deeb, S. S., & Motulsky, A. G. (1989). Molecular patterns of X chromosome-linked color vision genes among 134 men of European ancestry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 86, 983-987.

Dulai, K. S., Bowmaker, J. K., Mollon, J. D., & Hunt, D. M. (1994). Sequence divergence, polymorphism and evolution of the middle-wave and long-wave visual pigment genes of great apes and Old World monkeys. Vision Research, 34, 2483-91.

D'Zmura, M., & Lennie, P. (1986). Shared pathways for rod and cone vision. Vision Research, 26, 1273-1280.

Eisner, A. (1982). Comparison of flicker-photometric and flicker-threshold spectral sensitivities while the eye is adapted to colored backgrounds. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 72, 517-518.

Eisner, A., & MacLeod, D. I. A. (1980). Blue sensitive cones do not contribute to luminance. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 70, 121-123.

Eisner, A., & MacLeod, D. I. A. (1981). Flicker photometric study of chromatic adaptation: selective suppression of cone inputs by colored backgrounds. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 71, 705-718.

Elenbaas, W. (1951). The high pressure mercury vapour discharge. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishers.

Elenbaas, W. (1965). High pressure mercury vapour lamps and their applications. Eindhoven: Philips Technical Library.

Elsner, A. E., Berk, L., Burns, S. A., & Rosenberg, P. R. (1988). Aging and human cone photopigments. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5, 2106-2112.

Elsner, A. E., Burns, S. A., & Webb, R. H. (1993). Mapping cone photopigment optical density. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 10, 52-58.

Enoch, J. M. (1961). Nature of the transmission of energy in the retinal receptors. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 51, 1122-1126.

Enoch, J. M. (1963). Optical properties of the retinal receptors. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 53, 71-85.

Enoch, J. M. (1972). The two-color threshold technique of Stiles and derived component color mechanisms. In D. Jameson & L. H. Hurvich (Eds.), Handbook of Sensory Physiology Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Enoch, J. M., & Glismann, L. E. (1966). Physical and optical changes in excised retinal tissue: Resolution of retinal receptors as a fiber optics bundle. Investigative Ophthalmology, 5, 208-211.

Enoch, J. M., & Johnson, C. A. (1976). Additivity of effects within sectors of the sensitization zone of the Westheimer function. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 53, 350-358.

Enoch, J. M., & Stiles, W. S. (1961). The colour change of monochromatic light with retinal angle of incidence. Optica Acta, 8, 329-358.

Enroth-Cugell, C., Hertz, B. G., & Lennie, P. (1977a). Cone signals in the cat's retina. Journal of Physiology, 269, 273-296.

Enroth-Cugell, C., Hertz, B. G., & Lennie, P. (1977b). Convergence of rod and cone signals in the cat's retina. Journal of Physiology, 269, 297-318.

Enroth-Cugell, C., & Robson, J. G. (1966). The contrast sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells of the cat. Journal of Physiology, 187, 517-552.

Enroth-Cugell, C., & Shapley, R. M. (1973). Adaptation and dynamics of cat retinal ganglion cells. Journal of Physiology, 233, 271-309.

Eskew, R. T., McLellan, J. S., & Giulianini, F. (1999). Chromatic detection and discrimination. In K. Gegenfurtner & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Color vision: from genes to perception Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Estévez, O. (1979). On the fundamental database of normal and dichromatic color vision. Ph.D. thesis, Amsterdam University.

Estévez, O., & Cavonius, C. R. (1975). Flicker sensitivity of the human red and green color mechanisms. Vision Research, 15, 879-881.

Estévez, O., & Cavonius, C. R. (1976). Modulation sensitivity of human color mechanisms. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 66, 1436-1438.

Estévez, O., & Cavonius, C. R. (1977). Human color perception and Stiles p mechanisms. Vision Research, 17, 417-422.

Estévez, O., & Spekreijse, H. (1974). A spectral compensation method for determining the flicker charactersistics of the human color mechanisms. Vision Research, 14, 823-830.

Evers, H. U., & Gouras, P. (1986). Three cone mechanisms in the primate electroretinogram: two with, one without off-center bipolar responses. Vision Research, 26, 245-254.

Faber, D. S. (1969). Analysis of the slow transretinal potentials in response to light. Ph.D. thesis, University of New York, Buffalo.

Fach, C., Sharpe, L. T., & Stockman, A. (1989). The field adaptation of the "isolated" rod visual system. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 30, 455.

Fach, C. C., Sharpe, L. T., & Stockman, A. (1992). The spectral properties of the two rod pathways. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 33, 701.

Fain, G. L. (1975). Interactions of rod and cone signals in the mudpuppy retina. Journal of Physiology, 252, 735-769.

Fain, G. L., & Dowling, J. E. (1973). Intracellular recordings from single rods and cones in the mudpuppy retina. Science, 180, 1178-1181.

Falk, G., & Fatt, P. (1974). The dynamic voltage-transfer function for rod-bipolar cell transmission. Vision Research, 14, 739-741.

Falls, H. F. (1960). Discussion following paper by Alpern, Falls and Lee. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 50, 1012.

Falls, H. F., Wolter, J. R., & Alpern, M. (1965). Typical total monochromacy. Archives of Ophthalmology, 74, 610-616.

Famiglietti, E. V., & Kolb, H. (1975). A bistratified amacrine cell and synaptic circuitry in the inner plexiform layer of the retina. Brain Research, 84, 293-300.

Famiglietti, E. V., & Kolb, H. (1976). Structural basis for ON- and OFF-cnter responses in retinal ganglion cells. Science, 194, 193-195.

Favreau, O. E., & Cavanagh, P. (1983). Interocular transfer of a chromatic frequency shift. Vision Research, 23, 951-957.

Feil, R., Aubourg, P., Helig, R., & Mandel, J. L. (1990). A 195-kb cosmid walk encompassing the human Xq28 color vision pigment genes. Genomics, 6, 367-373.

Ferry, J. (1892). Persistence of vision. American Journal of Science and Arts, 44, 192-207.

Fettiplace, R. (1976). Transmission of signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells in the eye of the turtle. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia in Quantative Biology, 40, 529-536.

Finkelstein, D., Gouras, P., & Hoff, M. (1968). Human electroretinogram near the absolute threshold of vision. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 7, 214-218.

Fischer, F. P., Bouman, M. A., & Doesschate, t. J. (1951). A case of tritanopy. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 5-6, 73-87.

Flamant, F., & Stiles, W. S. (1948). The directional and spectral sensitivities of the retinal rods to adapting fields of different wave-lengths. Journal of Physiology, 107, 187-222.

Fourtes, M. G. F., & Hodgkin, A. L. (1964). Changes in time scale and sensitivity in the ommatidia of limulus. Journal of Physiology, 172, 239-263.

Friedman, L. J., Yim, M. H., & Pugh, E. N. (1984). Temporal integration of the π1/π3 pathway in normal and dichromatic vision. Vision Research, 24, 743-750.

Frishman, L. J. (1991). The scotopic threshold response. In J. R. Heckenlively & G. B. Arden (Eds.), Principles and practice of clinical electrophysiology of vision (pp. 121-124) St. Louis: Mosby Year Book.

Frishman, L. J., Du, L., Shen, F., Robson, J. G., Harwerth, R. S., Smith III, E. L., Carter-Dawson, L., & Crawford, M. L. J. (1994). Do retinal ganglion cells contribute to the scotopic ERG of monkeys? Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 35, 1379.

Frishman, L. J., Freeman, A. W., Troy, J. B., Schweitzer-Tong, D. E., & Enroth-Cugell, C. (1987). Spatiotemporal frequency responses of cat retinal ganglion cells. Journal of General Physiology, 89, 599-628.

Frishman, L. J., & Karwoski, C. (1991). The d-wave. In J. R. Heckenlively & G. B. Arden (Eds.), Principles and practice of clinical electrophysiology of vision (pp. 112-114) St. Louis: Mosby Year Book.

Frishman, L. J., Sieving, P. A., & Steinberg, P. A. (1988). Contributions to the electroretinogram of currents originating in proximal retina. Visual Neuroscience, 1, 307-315.

Frishman, L. J., & Steinberg, R. H. (1989a). Intraretinal analysis of the threshold dark-adapted ERG of cat retina. Journal of Neurophysiology, 61, 1221-1232.

Frishman, L. J., & Steinberg, R. H. (1989b). Light-evoked increases in [K+]o in proximal portion of the dark-adapted cat retina. Journal of Neurophysiology, 61, 1233-1243.

Frishman, L. J., & Steinberg, R. H. (1990). Origin of negative potentials in the light-adapted ERG of cat retina. Journal of Neurophysiology, 63, 1333-1346.

Frishman, L. J., & Steinberg, R. H. (1992). Light-evoked changes in [K+]o in proximal portion of the light-adapted cat retina. Journal of Neurophysiology, 67, 1201-1212.

Frumkes, T. E., Naarendorp, F., & Goldberg, S. H. (1986). The influence of cone adaptation upon rod mediated flicker. Vision Research, 26, 1167-1176.

Frumkes, T. E., Sekuler, M. D., Barris, M. C., Reiss, E. H., & Chalupa, L. M. (1973). Rod-cone interactions in human scotopic vision I. Temporal analysis. Vision Research, 13, 1269-1282.

Frumkes, T. E., Sekuler, M. D., & Reiss, E. H. (1972). Rod-cone interactions in human scotopic vision. Science, 175, 913-914.

Fry, G. A., & Bartley, H. S. (1935). Effect of one border in the visual field upon the threshold of another. American Journal of Physiology, 112, 414-421.

Fulton, A. B., & Hansen, R. M. (1988). Scotopic stimulus/response relations of the b-wave of the electroretinogram. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 68, 293-304.

Fulton, A. B., & Rushton, W. A. H. (1978). The human rod ERG: correlation with psychophysical responses in light and dark adaptation. Vision Research, 18, 793-800.

Gegenfurtner, K., & Kiper, D. C. (1990). Contrast detection in luminance and chromatic noise. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 31, 110.

Geisler, W. S. (1978). Adaptation, afterimage and cone saturation. Vision Research, 18, 279-289.

Geisler, W. S. (1979). Evidence for the equivalent-background hypothesis in cones. Vision Research, 19, 799-805.

Geisler, W. S. (1981). Effects of bleaching and backgrounds on the flash response of the cone system. Journal of Physiology, 312, 413-434.

Gibson, K. S., & Tyndall, E. P. T. (1923). Visibility of radiant energy. Scientific Papers of the Bureau of Standards, 19, 131-191.

Glass, R. A., & Sternheim, C. E. (1973). Visual sensitivity in the presence of alternating monochromatic fields of light. Vision Research, 13, 689-699.

Glickstein, M., & Heath, G. G. (1975). Receptors in the monochromat eye. Vision Research, 15, 633-636.

Goldberg, S. H., & Frumkes, T. E. (1983). A distal retinal locus for rod-cone interaction. Investigative Ophthalmolgy and Visual Science (supplement), 24, 187.

Goldberg, S. H., Frumkes, T. E., & Nygaard, R. W. (1983). Inhibitory influence of unstimulated rods in the human retina: evidence provided by examining cone flicker. Science, 221, 180-182.

Goodchild, A. K., Chan, T. L., & Grünert, U. (1996). Horizontal cell connections with short-wavelength-sensitive cones in macaque monkey retina. Visual Neuroscience, 13, 833-845.

Goodman, G., & Bornschein, H. (1957). Comparative electroretinographic studies in congenital night blindness and total colour blindness. Archives of Ophthalmology, 58, 174-182.

Gordon, J., & Abramov, I. (1977). Color vision in the peripheral retina. II. Hue and saturation. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 67, 202-207.

Gouras, P. (1965). Primate retina: duplex function of dark adapted retinal ganglion cells. Science, 147, 1593-1594.

Gouras, P. (1967). The effects of light-adaptation on rod and cone receptive field organization of monkey ganglion cells. Journal of Physiology, 192, 747-760.

Gouras, P., & Gunkel, R. D. (1964). The frequency response of normal, rod monochromat and nyctalope ERG's to sinusoidal monochromatic light stimulation. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 18, 137-150.

Gouras, P., & Link, K. (1966). Rod and cone interaction in dark-adapted monkey ganglion cells. Journal of Physiology, 184, 499-510.

Gouras, P., & MacKay, C. J. (1990). Electroretinographic responses of the short-wavelength-sensitive cones. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 31, 1203-1209.

Gouras, P., & Zrenner, E. (1979). Enhancement of luminance flicker by color-opponent mechanisms. Science, 205, 587-589.

Gouras, P., & Zrenner, E. (1981). Color coding in the primate retina. Vision Research, 21, 1591-1598.

Graham, N., & Hood, D. C. (1992). Modeling the dynamocs of adaptation: the merging of two traditions. Vision Research, 32, 1373-1393.

Granit, R. (1947). Sensory Mechanisms of the Retina. London: Oxford University Press.

Grassmann, H. (1853). On the theory of compound colours. Philosophical Magazine Series 4, 7, 254-264.

Green, D. G. (1968). The contrast sensitivity of the colour mechanisms of the human eye. Journal of Physiology, 196, 415-429.

Green, D. G. (1969). Sinusoidal flicker characteristics of the colour-sensitive mechanisms of the eye. Vision Research, 9, 591-601.

Green, D. G. (1972). Visual acuity in the blue cone monochromat. Journal of Physiology, 222, 419-426.

Green, D. G., & Siegel, I. M. (1975). Double branched flicker fusion curves from the all-rod skate retina. Science, 188, 1120-1122.

Grinberg, D. L., & Williams, D. R. (1985). Stereopsis with chromatic signals from the blue sensitive mechanism. Vision Research, 25, 531-537.

Grünbaum, O. F. F. (1898). On intermittent stimulation of the retina. Part II. Journal of Physiology, 22, 433-450.

Grünert, U. (1997). Anatomical evidence for rod input to the parvocellular pathway in the visual system of the primate. European Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 617-621.

Grünert, U., & Martin, P. R. (1991). Rod bipolar cells in the macaque monkey retina: immunoreactivity and connectivity. Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 2742-2758.

Grünert, U., Martin, P. R., & Wässle, H. (1994). Immunocytochemical analysis of bipolar cells in the macaque monkey retina. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 348, 607-627.

Grünert, U., & Wässle, H. (1996). Glycine receptors in the rod pathway of the macaque monkey retina. Visual Neuroscience, 13, 101-115.

Grützner, P. (1964). Der normale Farbensinn und seine abweichungen. Bericht der Deutschen ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, 66, 161-172.

Gubisch, R. W. (1967). Optical performance of the human eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 57, 407-415.

Guild, J. (1931). The colorimetric properties of the spectrum. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, A230, 149-187.

Gurevich, L., & Slaughter, M. M. (1993). Comparison of the waveforms of the ON bipolar neuron and the b-wave of the electroretinogram. Vision Research, 33, 2431-2435.

Gurevich, L., Stockton, R. A., & Slaughter, M. M. (1990). Comparisons of the waveforms of the b-wave of the ERG and ON bipolar cells. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 31, 114.

Guth, S. L., Alexander, J. V., Chumbly, J. I., Gillman, C. B., & Patterson, M. M. (1968). Factors affecting luminance additivity at threshold. Vision Research, 8, 913-928.

Guth, S. L., Donley, N. V., & Marrocco, R. T. (1967). On luminance additivity and related topics. Vision Research, 9, 537-575.

Guth, S. L., Massof, R. W., & Benzschawel, T. (1980). Vector model for normal and dichromatic color vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 70, 197-212.

Haegerstrom-Portnoy, G., & Adams, A. J. (1983). Spatial sensitization properties of the blue-sensitive cone pathways. In J. D. Mollon & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Colour Vision: Physiology and Psychophysics London: Academic Press.

Haegerstrom-Portnoy, G., Hewlett, S. E., & Barr, S. A. N. (1989). S cone loss with aging. Documenta Ophthalmologica Proceeding Series, 52, 345—352.

Hagstrom, S. A., Neitz, J., & Neitz, M. (1997). Ratio of M/L pigment gene expression decreases with retinal eccentricity. In C. R. Cavonius (Ed.), Colour Deficiencies XIII (pp. 27-34) Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

Hallett, P. E. (1962). Scotopic acuity and absolute threshold in brief flashes. Journal of Physiology, 163, 175-189.

Hansen, E., Seim, T., & Olsen, B. (1978). Transient tritanopia experiment in blue cone monochromacy. Nature, 276, 390-391.

Harris, M. (1766). The natural system of colours, by Moses Harris (1766) A facsimile edition

historical notes and commentary by Faber Birren. New York: Privately printed; distributed by the Whitney Library of Design, 1963.

Harrison, D., Hoefnagel, D., & Hayward, J. N. (1960). Congenital total colour blindness, a clinico-pathological report. Archives of Ophthalmology, 64, 685-692.

Harwerth, R. S., & Sperling, H. G. (1975). Effects of intense visible radiation on the increment threshold spectral sensitivity of the Rhesus monkey eye. Vision Research, 15, 1193-1204.

Hayhoe, M. M. (1979a). After-effects of small adapting fields. Journal of Physiology, 296, 141-158.

Hayhoe, M. M. (1979b). Lateral interactions in human cone dark adaptation. Journal of Physiology, 296, 125-140.

Hayhoe, M. M., Benimoff, N. I., & Hood, D. C. (1987). The time course of multiplicative and subtractive adaptation processes. Vision Research, 27, 1981-1996.

Hayhoe, M. M., & MacLeod, D. I. A. (1976). A single anomalous photopigment? Journal of the Optical Society of America, 66, 276-277.

Hayhoe, M. M., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Bruch, T. (1976). Rod-cone independence in dark adaptation. Vision Research, 16, 591-600.

Hayhoe, M. M., & Smith, M. (1989). The role of spatial filtering in sensitivity regulation. Vision Research, 29, 457-469.

Hayhoe, M. M., & Tinker, C. B. (1979). Saturation of the cone system by small steady backgrounds. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 69, 1453.

He, J. C., & Shevell, S. K. (1994). Individual differences in cone photopigments of normal trichromats measured by dual Rayleigh-type color matches. Vision Research, 34, 367-376.

He, S. (1995). Psychophysical study of human retinal mechanisms with nonlinear distortion. Ph.D. thesis, University of California San Diego.

Hecht, S. (1949). Brightness, visual acuity and color blindness. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 3, 289-306.

Hecht, S., & Hsia, Y. (1945). Dark adaptation following light adaptation to red and white lights. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 35, 261-267.

Hecht, S., & Shlaer, S. (1936). Intermittent stimulation by light. V. The relation between intensity and critical frequency for different parts of the spectrum. Journal of General Physiology, 19, 965-977.

Hecht, S., Shlaer, S., Smith, E. L., Haig, C., & Peskin, J. C. (1938). The visual functions of a completely color blind person. American Journal of Physiology, 123, 94-95.

Hecht, S., Shlaer, S., Smith, E. L., Haig, C., & Peskin, J. C. (1948). The visual functions of the complete color-blind. Journal of General Physiology, 31, 459-472.

Hecht, S., & Smith, E. L. (1936). Intermittent stimulation by light. VI. Area and the relation between critical frequency and intensity. Journal of General Physiology, 19, 979-989.

Hecht, S., & Verrijp, C. D. (1933a). The influence of intensity, color and retinal location on the fusion frequency of intermittent illumination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A., 19, 522-535.

Hecht, S., & Verrijp, C. D. (1933b). Intermittent stimulation by light. IV. A theoretical interpretation of the quantatitive data of flicker. Journal of General Physiology, 17, 266-286.

Hering, E. (1920). Grundzuge der Lehre vom Lichtsinn. (1964 ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Herr, S. S., Tiv, N., Sterling, P., & Schein, S. J. (1996). S cones in macaque fovea are invaginated by one type of on bipolar cell, but L and M cones are invaginated by midget and diffuse bipolar cells. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 37, S1059.

Hess, R. F., Mullen, K. T., Sharpe, L. T., & Zrenner, E. (1989). The photoreceptors in atypical achromatopsia. Journal of Physiology, 417, 123-149.

Hess, R. F., Mullen, K. T., & Zrenner, E. (1989). Human photopic vision with only short wavelength cones: Post-receptoral properties. Journal of Physiology, 417, 150-169.

Hess, R. F., & Nordby, K. (1986a). Spatial and temporal limits of vision in the achromat. Journal of Physiology, 371, 365-385.

Hess, R. F., & Nordby, K. (1986b). Spatial and temporal properties of human rod vision in the achromat. Journal of Physiology, 371, 387-406.

Hess, R. F., Nordby, K., & Pointer, J. S. (1987). Regional variation of contrast sensitivity across the retina of the achromat: sensitivity of human rod vision. Journal of Physiology, 388, 101-119.

Hess, R. F., & Snowden, R. J. (1992). Temporal properties of human visual filters: number, shape and spatial covariance. Vision Research, 32, 150-169.

Heynen, H., & van Norren, D. (1985a). Origin of the electroretinogram in the intact monkey eye-I. Principal component analysis. Vision Research, 25, 697-707.

Heynen, H., & van Norren, D. (1985b). Origin of the electroretinogram in the intact monkey eye-II. Current source-density analysis. Vision Research, 25, 709-715.

Hicks, T. P., Lee, B. B., & Vidyasagar, T. R. (1983). The responses of cells in macaque lateral geniculate nucleus to sinusoidal gratings. Journal of Physiology, 337, 183-200.

Hill, D. A., Arbel, K. F., & Berson, E. L. (1974). Cone electroretinograms in congenital nyctalopia with myopia. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 78, 127-136.

Hofmeister, J., Sharpe, L. T., Fach, C. C., & Stockman, A. (1992). Spatial organization of rod flicker signals. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 33, 1343.

Hoke, K. L., & Fernald, R. D. (1997). Rod photoreceptor neurogenesis. Progress in retinal and eye research, 16, 31-49.

Hollins, M. (1971). Brightness contrast at low luminances. Vision Research, 11, 1459-1472.

Hood, D. C. (1998). Lower-level visual processing and models of light adaptation. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 503-535.

Hood, D. C., & Birch, D. G. (1992). A computational model of the amplitude and implicit time of the b-wave of the human ERG. Visual Neuroscience, 8, 107-126.

Hood, D. C., & Birch, D. G. (1993a). Human cone receptor activity: The leading edge of the a-wave and models of receptor activity. Visual Neuroscience, 10, 857-871.

Hood, D. C., & Birch, D. G. (1993b). Light adaptation of the human rod receptors: the leading edge of the human a-wave and models of rod receptor activity. Vision Research, 33, 1605-1618.

Hood, D. C., Finkelstein, M.A., & Buckingham, E. (1979). Psychophysical tests of models of the response function. Vision Research, 19, 401-406.

Hood, D. C., & Finkelstein, M. A. (1984). Sensitivity to light. In K. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of Perception and Human Performance (pp. 5-1-5-66) New York: Wiley.

Hood, D. C., Graham, N., von Wiegand, T. E., & Chase, V. M. (1997). Probed-sinewave paradigm: a test of models of light-adaptation dynamics. Vision Research, 37, 1177-1191.

Hood, D. C., Ilves, T., Maurer, E., Wandell, B., & Buckingham, E. (1978). Human cone saturation as a function of ambient intensity: a test of models of shifts in the dynamic range. Vision Research, 18, 983-993.

Hopkins, J. M., & Boycott, B. B. (1995). Synapses between cones and diffuse bipolar cells of a primate retina. Journal of Neurocytology, 24, 680-694.

Hopkins, J. M., & Boycott, B. B. (1996). The cone synapses of DB1 diffuse, DB6 diffuse and invaginating midget, bipolar cells of a primate retina. Journal of Neurocytology, 25, 381-390.

Hopkins, J. M., & Boycott, B. B. (1997). The cone synapses of cone bipolar cells of primate retina. Journal of Neurocytology, 26, 313-325.

Horner, R. G., & Purslow, E. T. (1947). Dependence of anomaloscope matches on viewing distance or field size. Nature, 160, 23-24.

Horner, R. G., & Purslow, E. T. (1948). Dependence of anomaloscope matches on viewing distance or field size. Nature, 160, 484.

Horowitz, B. R. (1981). Theoretical considerations of the retinal receptor as a waveguide. In J. M. Enoch & F. L. Tobey (Eds.), Vertebrate photoreceptor optics (pp. 217-300) Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag.

Houchin, K. W., Purple, R. L., & Wirtschafter, J. D. (1991). X-linked congenital stationary night blindness and depolarizing bipolar system dysfunction. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 32, 1229.

Hsia, Y., & Graham, C. H. (1957). Spectral luminosity curves for protanopic, deuteranopic, and normal subjects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A., 43, 1011-1019.

Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1960). Receptive fields of optic nerve fibers in the spider monkey. Journal of Physiology, 154, 572-580.

human, S. P. e. o. o. d. i., photopigments, S. S. s. o. t. f. c., v, S. V. o. c. m. d.--. I. I., differ?, S. H. d. s. o. C.-M. F., one, S. X.-l. i. a. w. m. t., stimuli, S. T. t. i. o. c., Functi, S. M. o. t. d.-a. c. r., a, S. I. C. o. t. r. O. c. t. s., principles, S. P. o.-t., Sparrock 1966 Stabilized images, a., retinal noise and ada, flashed, s. T. i. o. c. o. r. s. w., Slaughter, M. M., & Miller, R. F. (1981). 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: a new pharmacological tool for retina research. Science, 211, 182-185.

Hunt, D. M., Cowing, J. A., Patel, R., Appukuttan, B., Bowmaker, J. K., & Mollon, J. D. (1995a). Sequence and evolution of the blue cone pigment gene in Old and New World primates. Genomics, 27, 535-8.

Hunt, D. M., Dulai, K. S., Bowmaker, J. K., & Mollon, J. D. (1995b). The chemistry of John Dalton's color blindness. Science, 267, 984-8.

Hunt, D. M., Williams, A. J., Bowmaker, J. K., & Mollon, J. D. (1993). Structure and evolution of the polymorphic photopigment gene of the marmoset. Vision Research, 33, 147-54.

Hyde, E. P. (1906). Talbot's Law as applied to the rotating sector disc. Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards, 2.

Hyde, E. P., Forsythe, W. E., & Cady, F. E. (1918). The visibility of radiation. Astrophysics Journal, 48, 65-83.

Ibbotson, R. E., Hunt, D. M., Bowmaker, J. K., & Mollon, J. D. (1992). Sequence divergence and copy number of the middle- and long-wave photopigment genes in Old World monkeys. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 247, 145-54.

Ikeda, M., & Urakubo, M. (1968). Flicker HRTF as test of color vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 58, 27-31.

Ingling, C., Lewis, A. L., Loose, D. R., & Myers, J. K. (1977). Cones change rod sensitivity. , 17, 555-563.

Ingling, C., & Martinez, E. (1983). The spatio-chromatic signal of the r-g channels. In J. D. Mollon & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Colour Vision: Physiology and Psychophysics (pp. 433-444) London: Academic.

Ingling, C. R., & Tsou, B. H.-P. (1977). Orthogonal combination of the three visual visual channels. Vision Research, 17, 1075-82.

Ireland, F. H. (1951). A comparison of critical flicker frequencies under conditions of monocular and binocular stimulation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40, 282-286.

Ives, H. E. (1912a). Studies in the photometry of lights of different colours. I. Spectral luminosity curves obtained by the equality of brightness photometer and flicker photometer under similar conditions. Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 24, 149-188.

Ives, H. E. (1912b). Studies in the photometry of lights of different colours. II. Spectral luminosity curves by the method of critical frequency. Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 24, 352-370.

Ives, H. E. (1917). A polarization flicker photometer and some dat of theoretical bearing obtained with it. Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 33, 360-380.

Ives, H. E. (1922). Critical frequency relations in scotopic vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America and Review of Scientific Instruments, 6, 254-268.

Jacobs, G. H. (1990). Duplicity theory and ground squirrels: linkages between photoreceptors and visual function. Visual Neuroscience, 5, 311-318.

Jacobs, G. H. (1991). Variations in colour vision in non-human primates. In D. H. Foster (Ed.), Inherited and acquired colour vision deficiencies (pp. 1127-1144) Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Jacobs, G. H. (1993). The distribution and nature of colour vision among the mammals. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 68, 413-471.

Jacobs, G. H., Bowmaker, J. K., & Mollon, J. D. (1981). Behavioural and microspectro-photometric measurements of colour vision in monkeys. Nature, 292, 541-3.

Jacobs, G. H., & Yolton, R. L. (1970). Center-surround balance in receptive fields of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Vision Research, 10, 1127-1144.

Jacoby, R., Stafford, D., Kouyama, N., & Marshak, D. (1996). Synaptic inputs to ON parasol ganglion cells in the primate retina. Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 8041-8056.

Jägle, H., Sharpe, L. T., & Nathans, J. (in preparation). Rayleigh matches and X-chromosome-linked pigment genes. .

Johnson, C. A., Adams, A. J., Twelker, J. D., & Quigg, J. M. (1988). Age-related changes in the central visual field for short-wavelength-sensitive pathways. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5, 2131-2139.

Johnson, C. A., & Enoch, J. M. (1976). Human psychophysical analysis of receptive field-like properties II Dichoptic properties of the Westheimer function. Vision Research, 16, 1455-1462.

Jordan, G., & Mollon, J. D. (1988). Two kinds of men? Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 29, 164.

Jordan, G., & Mollon, J. D. (1993a). The Nagel anomaloscope and seasonal variation of colour vision. Nature, 363, 546-9.

Jordan, G., & Mollon, J. D. (1993b). A study of women heterozygous for colour deficiencies. Vision Research, 33, 1495-508.

Jordan, G., & Mollon, J. D. (1995). Rayleigh matches and unique green. Vision Research, 35, 613-20.

Judd, D. B. (1945). Standard response functions for protanopic and deuteranopic vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 35, 199-221.

Judd, D. B. (1949). Standard response functions for protanopic and deuteranopic vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 39, 505.

Judd, D. B. (1951). Report of U.S. Secretariat Committee on Colorimetry and Artificial Daylight, Proceedings of the Twelfth Session of the CIE, Stockholm (pp. 11) Paris: Bureau Central de la CIE.

Kadlecová, V., Peleska, M., & Vasko, A. (1958). Dependence on age of the diameter of the pupil in the dark. Nature (London), 18, 1520—1521.

Kaiser, P. K., & Boynton, R. M. (1996). Human Color Vision, Second Edition. Washington, DC: Optical Society of America.

Kalmus. (1955). The familial distribution of congenital tritanopia with some remarks on similar conditions. Annals of Human Genetics, 20, 39-56.

Kaplan, E., Lee, B. B., & Shapley, R. M. (1990). New views of primate retinal function. In N. Osborne & J. Chader (Eds.), Progress in retinal research (pp. 273-336) New York: Pergamon Press.

Kaplan, E., & Shapley, R. M. (1982). X and Y cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the macaque monkeys. Journal of Physiology, 330, 125-143.

Kelly, D. H. (1961a). Flicker fusion and harmonic analysis. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 51, 917-918.

Kelly, D. H. (1961b). Visual responses to time-dependent stimuli I. Amplitude sensitivity measurements. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 51, 422-429.

Kelly, D. H. (1961c). Visual responses to time-dependent stimuli II. Single-channel model of the photopic visual system. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 51, 747-754.

Kelly, D. H. (1971a). Theory of flicker and transient responses, I. Uniform fields. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 61, 537-546.

Kelly, D. H. (1971b). Theory of flicker and transient responses, II. Counterphase gratings. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 61, 632-640.

Kelly, D. H. (1972). Flicker. In D. Jameson & L. H. Hurvich (Eds.), Visual Psychophysics, Handbook of Sensory Physiology (pp. 273-302) Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Kelly, D. H. (1974). Spatio-temporal frequency characteristics of color-vision mechanisms. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 64, 983-990.

Kelly, D. H. (1976). Differences between red and green color-mechanism charactersitics: Interaction or artifact? Journal of the Optical Society of America, 66, 1430-1435.

Kelly, D. H. (1977). Visual contrast sensitivity. Optica Acta, 24, 107-29.

Kelly, D. H. (1981). Nonlinear visual responses to flickering sinusoidal grating. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 71, 1051-1055.

Kelly, D. H. (1983). Spatiotemporal variation of chromatic and achromatic contrast thresholds. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 73, 742-750.

Kelly, D. H., & van Norren, D. (1977). Two-band model of heterochromatic flicker. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 67, 1081-1091.

Keunen, J. E. E., van Norren, D., & van Meel, G. J. (1987). Density of foveal cone pigments at older age. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 28, 985-991.

King-Smith, P. E. (1973a). The optical density of erythrolabe determined by a new method. Journal of Physiology, 230, 551-560.

King-Smith, P. E. (1973b). The optical density of erythrolabe determined by retinal densitometry using the self-screening method. Journal of Physiology, 230, 535-549.

King-Smith, P. E., & Carden, D. (1976). Luminance and opponent-color contributions to visual detection and adaptation and to temporal and spatial integration. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 66, 709-717.

King-Smith, P. E., & Webb, J. R. (1974). The use of photopic saturation in determining the fundamental spectral sensitivity curves. Vision Research, 14, 421-429.

Kirk, D. B. (1985). The putative p4 mechanism: failure of shape invariance and field additivity. , 26 (suppl.), 184.

Kishto, B. N., & Saunders, R. (1970). Variation of the visual threshold with retinal location - Part II. Vision Research, 10, 762-767.

Kleinschmidt, J., & Dowling, J. E. (1975). Intracellular recordings from gecko photoreceptors during light and dark adaptation. Journal of General Physiology, 66, 617-48.

Klug, K., Tsukamoto, Y., Sterling, P., & Schein, S. J. (1992). Blue cones contact OFF-midget bipolar cells. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 18, 838.

Knapp, A. G., & Schiller, P. H. (1984). The contribution of ON-bipolar cells to the electroretinogram of rabbits and monkeys. A study using 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (ATB). Vision Research, 24, 1841-1846.

Knave, B., Moller, A., & Persson, H. E. (1972). A component analysis of the electroretinogram. Vision Research, 12, 1669-1684.

Knight, R., & Buck, S. L. (1993). Cone pathways and the π0 and π0' rod mechanisms. Vision Research, 33, 2203-2214.

Knight, R., Buck, S. L., & Sanocki, E. (1991). Subthreshold flicker additivity of M- and L-cone signals with fast (π0') rod signals. Optical Society of America Technical Digest, 17, 41.

Knight, R., Sanocki, E., & Buck, S. L. (1990). Field adaptation of dual rod mechanisms in the detection of 15 Hz flicker. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 31, 494.

Knowles, A., & Dartnall, H. J. A. (1977). The photobiology of vision. In H. Davson (Ed.), The Eye, Vol 2B London/New York: Academic.

Kohl, S., Marx, T., Giddings, I., Jägle, H., Jacobson, S. G., Apfelstedt-Sylla, E., Zrenner, E., Sharpe, L. T., & Wissinger, B. H. (1998). Total colorblindness is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the a-subunit of the cone photoreceptor cGMP-gated cation channel. Nature Genetics, 19, 257-259.

Kolb, H. (1970). Organization of the outer plexiform layer of the primate retina: electron microscopy of Golgi-impregnated cells. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 258, 261-268.

Kolb, H. (1977). The organization of the outer plexiform layer in the retina of the cat: electron microscopic observations. Journal of Neurocytology, 6, 131-153.

Kolb, H. (1979). The inner plexiform layer in the retina of the cat: electron microscopic observations. Journal of Neurocytology, 8, 295-329.

Kolb, H. (1991). Anatomical pathways for color vision in the human retina. Visual Neuroscience, 7, 61-74.

Kolb, H., & Dekorver, L. (1991). Midget ganglion cells of the parafovea of the human retina: a study by electron microscopy and serial reconstructions. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 303, 617-636.

Kolb, H., & Famiglietti, E. V. (1974). Rod and cone pathways in the inner plexiform layer of the cat retina. Science, 186, 47-49.

Kolb, H., Goede, P., Roberts, S., McDermott, R., & Gouras, P. (1999). The uniqueness of the S-cone pedicle in the human retina and consequences for color processing. Journal of Comparative Neurology.

Kolb, H., & Nelson, R. (1981). Amacrine cells of the cat retina. Vision Research, 21, 1625-1633.

Kolb, H., & Nelson, R. (1983). Rod pathways in the retina of the cat. Vision Research, 23, 301-302.

Kolb, H., & Nelson, R. (1984). Neural architecture of the cat retina. In N. Osborne & G. Chader (Eds.), Progress in retinal research (pp. 21-60) New York: Pergamon Press.

Kolb, H., & Nelson, R. (1995). The organization of photoreceptor to bipolar synapses in the outer plexiform layer. In M. B. A. Djamgoz, S. N. Archer, & S. Vallerga (Eds.), Neurobiology and clinical aspects of the outer retina (pp. 273-296) London: Chapman & Hall.

König, A. (1894). Über den menschlichen Sehpurpur und seine Bedeutung fur das Sehen. Acadamie der Wissenschaften Sitzungsberichte, 577-598.

König, A., & Dieterici, C. (1886). Die Grundempfindungen und ihre Intensitäts-Vertheilung im Spectrum. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1886, 805-829.

Korenberg, M. (1983). Statistical identification of parallel cascades of linear and nonlinear systems. In G. A. Bekey & G. N. Sardis (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth IFAC Symposium (pp. 669-674) Oxford: Pergamon.

Kouyama, N., & Mashak, D. W. (1992). Bipolar cells specific for blue cones in the macaque retina. Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 1233-1252.

Kraft, T. W., Neitz, J., & Neitz, M. (1998). Spectra of human L cones. Vision Research, 38, 3663-3670.

Kraft, T. W., Schneeweis, D. M., & Schnapf, J. L. (1993). Visual transduction in human rod photoreceptors. Journal of Physiology, 464, 747-765.

Krantz, D. H. (1975a). Color measurement and color theory: II Opponent-colors theory. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 12, 304-327.

Krantz, D. H. (1975b). Color measurement and color theory: I. Representation theorem for Grassmann structures. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 12, 283-303.

Krauskopf, J., & Mollon, J. D. (1971). The independence of the temporal integration properties of individual chromatic mechanisms in the human eye. Journal of Physiology, 219, 611-623.

Krauskopf, J., Williams, D. R., & Heeley, D. W. (1982). Cardinal directions of color space. Vision Research, 22, 1123-1131.

Kremers, J., Yeh, T., & Lee, B. B. (1992). Responses of macaque ganglion cells to counter-phase modulation of a bipartite field. Investigative Ophthalomology & Visual Science, 33 (suppl.), 1215.

Kremers, J., Yeh, T., & Lee, B. B. (1993). The response of macaque ganglion cells and human observers to heterochromatically modulated lights: the effect of stimulus size. Vision Research, 34, 217-221.

Krill, A. E., & Martin, D. (1974). Photopic abnormalities in congenital stationary nightblindness. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 10, 625-636.

Kulikowski, J. J. (1976). Effective contrast constancy and linearity of contrast sensation. Vision Research, 16, 1419-1432.

Lamb, T. D. (1995). Photoreceptor spectral sensitivities: common shape in the long-wavelength spectral region. Vision Research, 35, 3083-3091.

Lamb, T. D., McNaughton, P. A., & Yau, K.-W. (1981). Spatial spread of activation and background desensitization in toad rod outer segments. Journal of Physiology, 319, 463-496.

Lankheet, M. J. M., Lennie, P., & Krauskopf, J. (1998a). Distinctive characteristics of subclasses of red-green P-cells in LGN of macaque. Visual Neuroscience, 15, 37-46.

Lankheet, M. J. M., Lennie, P., & Krauskopf, J. (1998b). Temporal-chromatic interactions in LGN P-cells. Visual Neuroscience, 15, 47-54.

Larsen, H. (1921). Präparate von einem monochromatischen Auge. Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde, 67, 301-302.

Lasansky, A. (1973). Organization of the outer synaptic layer in the retina of the larval tiger salamander. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B265, 471-489.

Latch, M., & Lennie, P. (1977). Rod-cone interaction in light adaptation. Journal of Physiology, 269, 517-534.

Le Grand, Y. (1968). Light, colour and vision. (2nd ed.). London: Chapman and Hall.

Lee, B. B. (1996). Receptive field structure in the primate retina. Vision Research, 36, 631-644.

Lee, B. B. (1999). Receptor inputs to primate ganglion cells. In K. Gegenfurtner & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Color vision: from genes to perception Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lee, B. B., Martin, P. R., & Valberg, A. (1988). The physiological basis of heterochromatic flicker photometry demonstrated in the ganglion cells of the macaque retina. Journal of Physiology, 404, 323-347.

Lee, B. B., Martin, P. R., & Valberg, A. (1989a). Amplitude and phase of responses of macaque retinal ganglion cells to flickering stimuli. Journal of Physiology, 414, 245-263.

Lee, B. B., Martin, P. R., & Valberg, A. (1989b). Nonlinear summation of M- and L-cone inputs to phasic retinal ganglion cells of the macaque. Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 1433-1442.

Lee, B. B., Martin, P. R., & Valberg, A. (1989c). Sensitivity of macaque retinal ganglion cells to chromatic and luminance flicker. Journal of Physiology, 414, 223-243.

Lee, B. B., Pokorny, J., Smith, V. C., & Kremers, J. (1994). Responses to pulses and sinusoids in macaque ganglion cells. Vision Research, 34, 3081-3096.

Lee, B. B., Pokorny, J., Smith, V. C., Martin, P. R., & Valberg, A. (1990). Luminance and chromatic modulation sensitivity of macaque ganglion cellsand human observers. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 7, 2223-2236.

Lee, B. B., Smith, V. C., Pokorny, J., & Kremers, J. (1997). Rod inputs to macaque ganglion cells. Vision Research, 37, 2813-2828.

Lee, J., & Stromeyer, C. F. (1989). Contribution of human short-wave cones to luminance and motion detection. Journal of Physiology, 413, 563-593.

Lennie, P. (1980). Parallel visual pathways: a review. Vision Research, 20, 561-94.

Lennie, P. (1984). Recent developments in the physiology of color vision. Trends in Neurosciences, 7, 243-248.

Lennie, P., & D'Zmura, M. (1988). Mechanisms of color vision. CRC Critical Reviews in Neurobiology, 3, 333-400.

Lennie, P., Haake, P. W., & Williams, D. R. (1991). The design of chromatically opponent receptive fields. In M. S. Landy & J. A. Movshon (Eds.), Computational models of visual processing (pp. 71-82) Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Lennie, P., Hertz, B. G., & Enroth-Cugell, C. (1976). Saturation of rod pools in cat. Vision Research, 16, 935-940.

Lennie, P., & MacLeod, D. I. A. (1973). Background configuration and rod threshold. Journal of Physiology, 233, 143-156.

Lennie, P., Pokorny, J., & Smith, V. C. (1993). Luminance. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 10, 1283-1293.

Levelt, W. J. M. (1964). On binocular rivalry. Soesterburg: Institute for Perception RVO-TNO.

Lewis, P. R. (1956). A theoretical interpretation of spectral sensitivity curves at long wavelengths. Journal of Physiology, 130, 45-52.

Lewis, S. D., & Mandelbaum, J. (1943). Achromatopsia: report of three cases. Archive Ophthalmologica, 30, 225-231.

Liebmann, P. A. (1972). Microspectrophotometry of photoreceptors. In H. J. A. Dartnall (Ed.), Handbook of sensory physiology New York: Springer-Verlag.

Liebmann, P. A., & Entine, G. (1964). Sensitive low light-level microspectrophotometer: Detection of photosensitive pigments of retinal cones. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 54, 1451-1459.

Lindsey, D. T., Pokorny, J., & Smith, V. C. (1986). Phase-dependent sensitivity to heterochromatic flicker. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 3, 921-927.

Lipkin, B. S. (1962a). Monocular flicker discrimination as a function of the luminance and area of contralateral steady light. I. Luminance. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 52, 1287-1295.

Lipkin, B. S. (1962b). Monocular flicker discrimination as a function of the luminance and area of contralateral steady light. II. Area. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 52, 1296-1300.

Livingstone, M. S., & Hubel, D. H. (1987). Psychophysical evidence for separate channels for the perception of form, colour, movement and depth. Journal of Neuroscience, 7, 3416-3468.

Lozano, R. D., & Palmer, D. A. (1968). Large-field clor matching and adaptation. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 58, 1653-1656.

Luther, R. (1927). Aus dem Gebiet der Farbreizmetrik. Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 8, 540-558.

Lutze, M., Cox, N. J., Smith, V. C., & Pokorny, J. (1990). Genetic studies of variation in Rayleigh and photometric matches in normal trichromats. Vision Research, 30, 149-162.

Macke, J. P., & Nathans, J. (1997). Individual variation in the size of the human red and green pigment gene array. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 38, 1040-1043.

MacLeod, D., & He, S. (1993). Visible flicker from invisible patterns. Nature, 361, 256-258.

MacLeod, D. I. A. (1972). Rods cancel cones in flicker. Nature, 235, 173-174.

MacLeod, D. I. A. (1974). Signals from rods and cones. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.

MacLeod, D. I. A. (1978). Visual sensitivity. Annual Review of Psychology, 29, 613-645.

MacLeod, D. I. A. (1982). The estimation of cone spectral sensitivities. Color Research and Application, 7, 142-145.

MacLeod, D. I. A., & Boynton, R. M. (1979). Chromaticity diagram showing cone excitation by stimuli of equal luminance. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 69, 1183-1186.

MacLeod, D. I. A., Chen, B., & Crognale, M. (1989). Spatial organization of sensitivity regulation in rod vision. Vision Research, 29, 965-978.

MacLeod, D. I. A., Chen, B., & Stockman, A. (1990). Why do we see better in bright light? In C. B. Blakemore (Ed.), Visual coding and efficiency (pp. 169-174) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

MacLeod, D. I. A., & Hayhoe, M. (1974a). Rod origin of prolonged afterimages. Science, 185, 1171-1172.

MacLeod, D. I. A., & Hayhoe, M. (1974b). Three pigments in normal and anomalous color vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 64, 92-96.

MacLeod, D. I. A., & Stockman, A. (1987). Duplicity, phase lags and destructive interference in mesopic and scotopic flicker perception. In N. R. C. Working group on night vision (Ed.), Night Vision: current research and future directions (pp. 206-219) Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

MacLeod, D. I. A., Stockman, A., Johnson, N. E., & Vivian, J. A. (1987). Isolating red- and green-sensitive cones with transient chromatic adaptation. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 28, 91.

MacLeod, D. I. A., Stockman, A., & Vivian, J. A. (1985). Flicker photometric approximations to cone sensitivities under bleaching and transient adaptation conditions. Perception, 14, A17.

MacLeod, D. I. A., & Webster, M. A. (1983). Factors influencing the color matches of normal observers. In J. D. Mollon & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Colour Vision: Physiology and Psychophysics (pp. 81-92) London: Academic Press.

MacLeod, D. I. A., & Webster, M. A. (1988). Direct psychophysical estimates of the cone-pigment absorption spectra. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5, 1736-1743.

MacLeod, D. I. A., Williams, D. R., & Makous, W. (1992). A visual nonlinearity fed by single cones. Vision Research, 32, 347-363.

MacNeil, M. A., & Masland, R. H. (1998). Extreme diversity among amacrine cells: implications for function. Neuron, 20, 971-982.

MacNichol, E. F. (1986). A unifying presentation of photopigment spectra. Vision Research, 26, 1543-1556.

MacNichol, E. F., Levine, J. S., Mansfield, R. J. W., Lipetz, L. E., & Collins, B. A. (1983). Microspectrophotometry of visual pigments in primate photoreceptors. In J. D. Mollon & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Colour Vision: Physiology and Psychophysics (pp. 13-38) London: Academic Press.

Makous, W., & Boothe, R. (1974). Cones block signals from rods. Vision Research, 14, 285-294.

Makous, W., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Williams, D. R. (1985). Nonlinear transformation in human vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2, 1366.

Makous, W., & Peeples, D. (1979). Rod-cone interaction: reconciliation with Flamant and Stiles. Vision Research, 19, 695-698.

Makous, W. L. (1997). Fourier models and the loci of adaptation. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 14, 2323-2345.

Mandler, M. B., & Makous, W. (1984). A three channel model of temporal frequency percetion. Vision Research, 24, 1881-1887.

Mansfield, R. J. W. (1985). Primate photopigments and cone mechanisms. In A. Fein & J. S. Levine (Eds.), The visual system (pp. 89-106) New York: Alan R. Liss.

Marc, R. E., & Sperling, H. G. (1976). Chromatic organization of primate cones. Science, 196, 454-456.

Mariani, A. P. (1982). Biplexiform cells: ganglion cells of the retina that contact photoreceptors. Science, 216‘.

Mariani, A. P. (1984). Bipolar cells in monkey retina selective for the cones likely to be blue-sensitive. Nature, 308, 184-186.

Markoff, J. I., & Sturr, J. F. (1971). Spatial and luminance determinants of the increment threshold under monoptic and dichoptic viewing. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 61, 1530-1537.

Marks, L. E. (1974). Blue-sensitive cones can mediate brightness. Vision Research, 14, 1493-1494.

Marks, L. E., & Bornstein, M. H. (1973). Spectral sensitivity by constant CFF: effect of chromatic adaptation. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 63, 220-226.

Marks, L. E., & Bornstein, M. H. (1974). Spectral sensitivity of the modulation-sensitive mechanism of vision. Vision Research, 14, 665-669.

Marmarelis, P. Z., & Marmarelis, V. Z. (1978). Analysis of Physiological Systems: the white-noise approach. New York: Plenum Press.

Marmor, M. F., Arden, G. B., Nilsson, S. E. G., & Zrenner, E. (1989). Standard for clinical electroretinography. Archives of Ophthalmology, 107, 816-819.

Marriot, F. H. C. (1976). The two-colour threshold technique of Stiles. In H. Davson (Ed.), The Eye (pp. 477-588) London: Academic.

Martin, P. R., White, A. J., Goodchild, A. K., Wilder, H. D., & Sefton, A. E. (1997). Evidence that blue-on cells are part of the third geniculocortical pathway in primates. European Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 1536-1541.

Massey, S. C., Redburn, D. A., & Crawford, M. L. J. (1983). The effect of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) on the ERG and ganglion cell discharge of rabbit retina. Vision Research, 23, 1607-1613.

Mastronarde, D. N. (1983). Correlated firing of cat retinal ganglion cells. II. Responses of X- and Y-cells to single quantal events. Journal of Neurophysiology, 49, 325-349.

Matin, L. (1968). Critical duration, the differential luminance threshold, critical flicker frequency, and visual adaptation: a theoretical treatment. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 58, 404-415.

Matin, L., & Kornheiser, A. (1976). Linked changes in spatial integration, size discrimination and increment threshold with change in background diameter. Vision Research, 16, 847-860.

Maxwell, J. C. (1855). Experiments on colours, as perceived by the eye, with remarks on colour-blindness. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 21, 275-298.

Maxwell, J. C. (1856). On the theory of colours in relation to colour-blindness. A letter to Dr. G. Wilson. Transactions of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts, 4, 394-400.

Maxwell, J. C. (1860). On the theory of compound colours and the relations of the colours of the spectrum. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 150, 57-84.

McCann, J. J., & Benton, J. L. (1969). Interaction of the long-wave cones and the rods to produce color sensations. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 59, 103-107.

McDougall, W. (1904). The sensations excited by a single momentary stimulation of the eye. British Journal of Psychology, 1, 279-301.

McGuire, B. A., Stevens, J. K., & Sterling, P. (1984). Microcircuitry of bipolar cells in cat retina. Journal of Neuroscience, 4, 2920-2938.

McKee, S. P. (1970). The chromatic properties of spatial interaction in human vision. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley.

McKee, S. P., & Westheimer, G. (1970). Specificity of cone mechanisms in lateral interaction. Journal of Physiology, 206, 117-128.

Merbs, S. L., & Nathans, J. (1992a). Absorption spectra of human cone pigments. Nature, 356, 431-432.

Merbs, S. L., & Nathans, J. (1992b). Absorption spectra of the hybrid pigments responsible for anomalous color vision. Science, 258, 464-466.

Merbs, S. L., & Nathans, J. (1993). Role of hydroxyl-bearing amino acids in differentially tuning the absorption spectra of the human red and green cone pigments. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 58, 706-710.

Merigan, W. H., & Eskin, T. A. (1986). Spatio-temporal vision of macaques with severe loss of Pb retinal ganglion cells. Vision Research, 26, 1751-1761.

Miller, N. D. (1966). Positive afterimage following brief flashes. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 56, 802-806.

Miller, R. F., & Dowling, J. E. (1970). Intracellular responses of the Müller (glial) cells of mudpuppy retina: their relation to the b-wave of the electroretinogram. Journal of Neurophysiology, 33, 323-341.

Miller, S. S. (1972). Psychophysical estimates of visual pigment densities in red-green dichromats. Journal of Physiology, 223, 89-107.

Missotten, L. (1965). The ultrastructure of the human retina. Brussels: Arscia Uitgaven N.V.

Missotten, L. (1974). Estimation of the ratio of cones to neurons in the human retina. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 13, 1045-1049.

Mitchell, D. E., & Rushton, W. A. H. (1971). Visual pigments in dichromats. Vision Research, 11, 1033-1043.

Miyake, Y., Horiguchi, M., Ora, I., & Shiroyama, N. (1987a). Characteristic ERG flicker anomaly in incomplete congenital stationary night blindness. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 28, 1816-1823.

Miyake, Y., Yagasaki, K., Horiguchi, M., & Kawase, Y. (1986). Congenital stationary night blindness with negative electroretinogram: a new classification. Archives of Ophthalmology, 104, 1013-1020.

Miyake, Y., Yagasaki, K., Horiguchi, M., & Kawase, Y. (1987b). On- and off- responses in photopic electroretinogram in complete and incomplete types of congenital stationary night blindness. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology, 31, 81-87.

Mollon, J. D. (1980). Post-receptoral processes in colour vision. Nature, 283, 623-4.

Mollon, J. D. (1982). Color Vision. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 41-85.

Mollon, J. D. (1986a). Molecular genetics: understanding colour vision [news]. Nature, 321, 12-3.

Mollon, J. D. (1986b). Perception. Questions of sex and colour [news]. Nature, 323, 578-9.

Mollon, J. D. (1987a). History of optics: John Elliot MD (1747-1787). Nature, 329, 19-20.

Mollon, J. D. (1987b). On the nature of models of colour vision. Die Farbe, 34, 29-46.

Mollon, J. D. (1989). "Tho' she kneel'd in that place where they grew..." The uses and origins of primate colour vision. Journal of Experimental Biology, 146, 21-38.

Mollon, J. D., Astell, S., & Cavonius, C. R. (1992). A reduction in stimulus duration can improve wavelength discriminations mediated by short-wave cones. Vision Research, 32, 745-55.

Mollon, J. D., & Bowmaker, J. K. (1992). The spatial arrangement of cones in the primate fovea. Nature, 360, 677-9.

Mollon, J. D., Bowmaker, J. K., & Jacobs, G. H. (1984). Variations of colour vision in a New World primate can be explained by polymorphism of retinal photopigments. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B222, 373-99.

Mollon, J. D., & Danilova, M. V. (1996). Three remarks on perceptual learning. Spatial Vision, 10, 51-8.

Mollon, J. D., & Estevez, O. (1988). Tyndall's paradox of hue discrimination. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5, 151-9.

Mollon, J. D., & Krauskopf, J. (1973). Reaction time as a measure of the temporal response properties of individual colour mechanisms. Vision Research, 13, 27-40.

Mollon, J. D., & Perkins, A. J. (1996). Errors of judgement at Greenwich in 1796. Nature, 380, 101-2.

Mollon, J. D., & Polden, P. G. (1975). Colour illusion and evidence for interaction between cone mechanisms. Nature, 258, 421-2.

Mollon, J. D., & Polden, P. G. (1976a). Absence of transient tritanopia after adaptation to very intense yellow light. Nature, 259, 570-2.

Mollon, J. D., & Polden, P. G. (1976b). Proceedings: Some properties of the blue cone mechanism of the eye. Journal of Physiology, 254, 1P-2P.

Mollon, J. D., & Polden, P. G. (1976c). Proceedings: Transient tritanopia: evidence for interaction between colour mechanisms. Journal of Physiology, 254, 66P-67P.

Mollon, J. D., & Polden, P. G. (1977a). An anomaly in the response of the eye to light of short wavelengths. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B278, 207-240.

Mollon, J. D., & Polden, P. G. (1977b). Saturation of a retinal cone mechanism. Nature, 259, 243-246.

Mollon, J. D., & Polden, P. G. (1979). Post-receptoral adaptation. Vision Research, 19, 435-40.

Mollon, J. D., & Polden, P. G. (1980). A curiosity of light adaptation. Nature, 286, 59-62.

Mollon, J. D., & Ross, H. (1975). Gregory on the sun illusion. Perception, 4, 115-8.

Mollon, J. D., Stockman, A., & Polden, P. G. (1987). Transient tritanopia of a second kind. Vision Research, 27, 637-650.

Monasterio, F. M. D. (1978). Properties of concentrically organised X and Y ganglion cells of macaque retina. Journal of Neurophysiology, 41, 1394-1417.

Moreland, J. D. (1969). Retinal topography and the blue-arcs phenomenon. Vision Research, 19, 965-976.

Moreland, J. D., & Cruz, A. (1959). Colour perception with the peripheral reina. Optica Acta, 6, 117-151.

Morgan, M. J., Adam, A., & Mollon, J. D. (1992). Dichromats detect colour-camouflaged objects that are not detected by trichromats. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 248, 291-5.

Morigiwa, K., & Vardi, N. (1999). Differential expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits in the outer retina. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 405, 173-184.

Morris, A. G., Gaitonde, E., McKenna, P. J., Mollon, J. D., & Hunt, D. M. (1995). CAG repeat expansions and schizophrenia: association with disease in females and with early age-at-onset. Human Molecular Genetics, 4, 1957-61.

Müller, F., Wässle, H., & Voight, T. (1988). Pharmacological modulation of the rod pathway in cat retina. Journal of Neurophysiology, 59, 1657-1672.

Muller, J. F., Lukasiewicz, P. D., & Silverman, M. S. (1993). Rod and cone inputs to bipolar cells in rat retina. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 34, 984.

Müller-Limmroth, W. (1950). Elektrophysiologie des Gesichtssinns: Theorie und Praxis der Elektroretinographie. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Murphy, G. J. (1959). Control Engineering. Princeton: van Nostrand.

Naarendorp, F., & Sieving, P. A. (1991). The scotopic threshold response of the cat ERG is suppressed by GABA and glycine. Vision Research, 31, 1-15.

Nachmias, J., & Kocher, E. C. (1970). Discrimination of luminance increments. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 60, 382-389.

Nagy, A. L. (1980). Large-field substitution Rayleigh matches of dichromats. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 70, 778-783.

Naka, K. I., & Rushton, W. A. H. (1966). S-potentials from colour units in the retina of fish Cyprinidae. Journal of Physiology, 185, 536-555.

Nathans, J. (1989). The genes for color vision. Scientific American, 260, 42-49.

Nathans, J., Davenport, C. M., Maunenee, I. H., Lewis, R. A., Hejtmancik, J. F., Litt, M., Lovrien, E., Weleber, R., Bachynski, B., Zwas, F., Klingaman, R., & Fishman, G. (1989). Molecular genetics of human blue cone monochromacy. Science, 245, 831-838.

Nathans, J., Maumenee, I. H., Zrenner, E., Sadowski, B., Sharpe, L. T., Lewis, R. A., Hansen, E., Rosenberg, T., Schwartz, M., Heckenlively, J. R., Traboulsi, E., Klingaman, R., Bech-Hansen, N. T., LaRoche, G. R., Pagon, R. A., Murphey, W. H., & Weleber, R. G. (1993). Genetic heterogenity among blue-cone monochromats. American Journal of Human Genetics, 53, 987-1000.

Nathans, J., Merbs, S. L., Sung, C.-H., Weitz, C. J., & Wang, Y. (1992). Molecular genetics of human visual pigments. Annual Review of Genetics, 26, 401-422.

Nathans, J., Piantanida, T. P., Eddy, R. L., Shows, T. B., & Hogness, S. G. (1986). Molecular genetics of inherited variation in human color vision. Science, 232, 203-210.

Nathans, J., Thomas, D., & Hogness, S. G. (1986). Molecular genetics of human color vision: The genes encoding blue, green and red pigments. Science, 232, 193-202.

Nawy, S., & Copenhagen, D. R. (1987). Multiple classes of glutamate receptor on depolarizing bipolar cells in retina. Nature, 325, 56-58.

Nawy, S., & Jahr, C. E. (1990). Suppression by glutamate of cGMP-activated conductance in retinal bipolar cells. Nature, 346, 269-271.

Nawy, S., & Jahr, C. E. (1991). cGMP-gated conductance in retinal bipolar cells is suppressed by the photoreceptor transmitter. Neuron, 7, 677-83.

Nayatani, Y., Takahama, K., & Sobagaki, H. (1981). Formulation of a nonlinear model of chromatic adaptation. Color Research and Application, 6, 161-171.

Neitz, J., & Jacobs, G. H. (1986). Polymorphism of the long-wavelength cone in normal human colour vision. Nature, 323, 623-625.

Neitz, J., & Jacobs, G. H. (1989). Polymorphism of cone pigments among color normals: evidence from color matching. In B. Drum & G. Verriest (Eds.), Colour Deficiencies IX (pp. 27-34) Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

Neitz, J., & Jacobs, G. H. (1990). Polymorphism in normal human colour vision and its mechanism. Vision Research, 30, 621-636.

Neitz, J., Neitz, M., & Kainz, P. (1996). Visual pigment gene structure and the severity of color vision defects. Science, 274, 801-804.

Neitz, M., & Neitz, J. (1995). Numbers and ratios of visual pigment genes for normal red-green color vision. Science, 267, 1013-1016.

Neitz, M., & Neitz, J. (1998). Molecular genetics and the biological basis of color vision. In W. G. K. Backhaus, R. Kliegl, & J. S. Werner (Eds.), Color vision: perspectives from different disciplines (pp. 101-119.) Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Neitz, M., Neitz, J., & Grishok, A. (1995). Polymorphism in the number of genes encoding long-wavelength-sensitive cone pigments among males with normal color vision. Vision Research, 35, 2395-2407.

Neitz, M., Neitz, J., & Jacobs, G. H. (1991). Spectral tuning of pigments underlying red-green color vision. Science, 252, 971-974.

Neitz, M., Neitz, J., & Jacobs, G. H. (1995). Genetic basis of photopigment variations in human dichromats. Vision Research, 35, 2095-2103.

Nelson, R. (1977). Cat cones have rod input: a comparison of the response properties of cones and horizontal cell bodies in the retina of the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 172, 109-136.

Nelson, R. (1982). AII amacrine cells quicken time course of rod signals in the cat retina. Journal of Neurophysiology, 47, 928-947.

Nelson, R., Famiglietti, E. V., & Kolb, H. (1978). Intracellular staining reveals different levels of stratification for on- and off-center ganglion cells in cat retina. Journal of Neurophysiology, 41, 472-483.

Nelson, R., & Kolb, H. (1983). Synaptic patterns and response properties of bipolar and ganglion cells in the cat retina. Vision Research, 23, 1183-1195.

Nelson, R., & Kolb, H. (1984). Amacrine cells in scotopic vision. Ophthalmological Research, 16, 21-26.

Nelson, R., & Kolb, H. (1985). A17: a broad-field amacrine cell in the rod system of the cat retina. Journal of Neurophysiology, 54, 592-614.

Nelson, R., Kolb, H., & Freed, M. A. (1993). OFF-alpha and OFF-beta ganglion cells in cat retina. I: Intracellular electrophysiology and HRP stains. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 329, 68-84.

Nelson, R., Kolb, H., Robinson, M. M., & Mariani, A. P. (1981). Neural circuitry of the cat retina: cone pathways to ganglion cells. Vision Research, 21, 1527-1536.

Nelson, R., Lynn, T., Dickinson-Nelson, A., & Kolb, H. (Eds.). (1985). Spectral mechanisms in cat horizontal cells. New York: Elsevier.

Nelson, R., von Lützow, A., Kolb, H., & Gouras, P. (1975). Horizontal cells in cat retina with independent dendritic systems. Science, 189, 137-139.

Nelson, T. M., & Bartley, S. H. (1961). The role of PCF in temporal manipulations of color. Journal of Psychology, 52, 457-477.

Nelson, T. M., & Bartley, S. H. (1964). The Talbot-Plateau law and the brightness of restricted numbers of photic repetitions at cff. Vision Research, 4, 403-411.

Newman, E. A. (1979). B-wave currents in the frog retina. Vision Research, 19, 227-234.

Newman, E. A. (1980). Current source-density analysis of the b-wave of frog retina. Journal of Neurophysiology, 43, 1355-1366.

Newman, E. A., Frambach, D. A., & Odette, L. L. (1984). Control of extracellular potassium levels by retinal glial cell K+ siphoning. Science, 225, 1174-1175.

Newman, E. A., & Frishman, L. J. (1991). The b-wave. In J. R. Heckenlively & G. B. Arden (Eds.), Principles and practice of clinical electrophysiology of vision (pp. 101-111) St. Louis: Mosby Year Book.

Newman, E. A., & Odette, L. L. (1984). Model of electroretinogram b-wave generation: a test of the K+ hypothesis. Journal of Neurophysiology, 51, 164-182.

Niemeyer, F., & Gouras, P. (1973). Rod and cone signals in S-potentials of the isolated perfused cat eye. Vision Research, 13, 1603-1612.

Nilsson, T. H. (1972). Effects of pulse duration and pulse rate on hue of monochromatic stimuli. Vision Research, 12, 1907-1921.

Nilsson, T. H., & Nelson, T. M. (1971). Hue shifts produced by intermittent stimulation. Vision Research, 11, 697-712.

Nilsson, T. H., Richmond, C. F., & Nelson, T. M. (1975). Flicker adaptation shows evidence of many visual channels selective to temporal frequency. Vision Research, 15, 621-624.

Noell, W. K. (1954). The origin of the electroretinogram. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 28, 78-90.

Nordby, K., Stabell, B., & Stabell, U. (1984). Dark adaptation of the human rod system. Vision Research, 24, 841-849.

Nordby, K. N., & Sharpe, L. T. (1988). The directional sensitivity of the photoreceptors in the human achromat. Journal of Physiology, 399, 267-281.

Normann, S., & Perlman, I. (1979). Signal transmission from red cones to horizontal cells in the turtle retina. Journal of Physiology, 6, 509-524.

Nunn, B. J., Schnapf, J. L., & Baylor, D. A. (1984). Spectral sensitivity of single cones in the retina of Macaca fascicularis. Nature, 309, 264-266.

Ohzu, H., & Enoch, J. M. (1972). Optical modulation by the isolated human fovea. Vision Research, 12, 245-251.

Ohzu, H., Enoch, J. M., & O'Hair, J. (1972). Optical modulation by the isolated retina and retinal receptors. Vision Research, 12, 231-244.

Okano, T., Kojima, D., Fukada, Y., Shichida, Y., & Yoshizawa, T. (1992). Primary structures of chicken cone visual pigments: vertebrate rhodopsins have evolved out of cone visual pigments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 89, 5932-5936.

Oprian, D. D., Asenjo, A. B., Lee, N., & Pelletier, S. L. (1991). Design, chemical synthesis, and expression of genes for the three human color vision pigments. Biochemistry, 30, 11367-72.

Osterberg, G. A. (1935). Topography of the layer of rods and cones in the human retina. Acta Ophthalmologica, 13 (supplement 6), 1-97.

Palmer, G. (1777). Theory of colours and vision. London: S. Leacroft.

Parsons, J. H. (1924). An introduction to colour vision, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Paulus, W., & Kröger-Paulus, A. (1983). A new concept of retinal colour coding. Vision Research, 23, 529-540.

Peachey, N. S., Alexander, K. R., Derlacki, D. J., & Fishman, G. A. (1992). Light adaptation, rods, and the human cone flicker ERG. Visual Neuroscience, 8, 145-150.

Peachey, N. S., Alexander, K. R., & Fishman, G. A. (1989). The luminance-response function of the dark-adapted human electroretinogram. Vision Research, 29, 263-270.

Pease, P. L., Adams, A. J., & Nuccio, E. (1987). Optical density of human macular pigment. Vision Research, 27, 705-710.

Peirce, C. S. (1877). Note on the sensation of color. American Journal of Science and Arts, 13, 247-251.

Penn, R. D., & Hagins, W. A. (1972). Kinetics of photocurrent of retinal rods. Biophysical Journal, 12, 1073-1094.

Perrin, F. H. (1954). A study in binocular flicker. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 44, 60-69.

Perry, V. H., Oehler, R., & Cowey, A. (1984). Retinal ganglion cells that project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the macague monkey. Neuroscience, 12, 1110-1123.

Piantanida, T. P., & Sperling, H. G. (1973a). Isolation of a third chromatic mechanism in the deuteranomalous observer. Vision Research, 13, 2049-2058.

Piantanida, T. P., & Sperling, H. G. (1973b). Isolation of a third chromatic mechanism in the protanomalous observer. Vision Research, 13, 2033-2047.

Pirenne, M. H. (1967). Vision and the eye. (2nd ed.). London: Chapman and Hall.

Pitt, F. H. G. (1935). Characteristics of dichromatic vision. Medical Research Council Special Report Series, No. 200. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.

Pitt, F. H. G. (1944). The nature of normal trichromatic and dichromatic vision. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B132, 101-117.

Plateau, J. (1835). Sur un principle de photométrie. Bulletins de l'Académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres de Bruxelles, 2, 52-59.

Plummer, D. J., & Stockman, A. (1994). The temporal-frequency response of the early short-wavelength-sensitive cone pathway. Perception (supplement), 23, 87.

Pokorny, J., Moreland, J. D., & Smith, V. C. (1975). Photopigments in anomalous trichromacy. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 65, 1522-1524.

Pokorny, J., & Smith, V. C. (1972). Luminosity and CFF in deuteranopes and protanopes. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 62, 111-117.

Pokorny, J., & Smith, V. C. (1976). Effect of field size on red-green color mixture equations. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 66, 705-708.

Pokorny, J., & Smith, V. C. (1977). Evaluation of single-pigment shift model of anomalous trichromacy. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 67, 1196-1209.

Pokorny, J., & Smith, V. C. (1993). Monochromatic tritan metamers. Optical Society of America Technical Digest, 16, 84.

Pokorny, J., Smith, V. C., & Katz, I. (1973). Derivation of the photopigment absorption spectra in anomalous trichromats. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 63, 232-237.

Pokorny, J., Smith, V. C., & Lutze, M. (1988). Aging of the human lens. Applied Optics, 26, 1437-1440.

Pokorny, J., Smith, V. C., & Lutze, M. (1989). Heterochromatic modulation photometry. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 6, 1618-1623.

Pokorny, J., Smith, V. C., & Starr, S. J. (1976). Variability of color mixture data--II. The effect of viewing field size on the unit coordinates. Vision Research, 16, 1095-1098.

Pokorny, J., Smith, V. C., & Swartley, R. (1970). Threshold measurements of spectral sensitivity in a blue cone monochromat. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 9, 807-813.

Pokorny, J., Smith, V. C., Verriest, G., & Pinckers, A. J. L. G. (1979). Congenital and acquired color vision defects. (Vol. 66). New York: Grune and Stratton.

Pokorny, J., Smith, V. C., & Went, L. N. (1981). Color matching in autosomal dominant tritan defect. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 71, 1327-1334.

Pokorny, J., Smith, V. C., & Yamashita, Y. (1987). Hue of flickering lights: effect of heterochromatic phase. In J. J. Kulikowski, C. M. Dickinson, & I. J. Murray (Eds.), Seeing contour and colour (pp. 269-273) Oxford: Pergamon.

Polden, P. G., & Mollon, J. D. (1980). Reversed effect of adapting stimuli on visual sensitivity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 210, 235-272.

Polyak, S. L. (1941). The Retina. Chicago: University of Chicago.

Porter, T. C. (1902). Contributions to the study of flicker. II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A70, 313-319.

Post, R. H. (1962). Population differences in red and green color vision deficiency: a review, and a query on selection relaxation. Eugenics Quaterly, 9, 131-146.

Pourcho, R. G., & Goebel, D. J. (1985). A combined Golgi and autoradiographic study of (3H)glycine-accumulating amacrine cells in the cat retina. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 233, 473-480.

Pugh, E. N. (1976). The nature of the π1 mechanism of W. S. Stiles. Journal of Physiology, 257, 713-747.

Pugh, E. N. (1980). Test of the identity of the site of blue/yellow hue cancellation and the site of chromatic antagonism in the p1 pathway. Vision Research, 19, 293-312.

Pugh, E. N., & Mollon, J. D. (1979). A theory of the π1 and π3 color mechanisms of Stiles. Vision Research, 20, 779-788.

Pugh, E. N., & Sigel, C. (1978). Evaluation of the candidacy of the π-mechanisms of Stiles for color-matching fundamentals. Vision Research, 18, 317-330.

Pum, D., Ahnelt, P. K., & Grasl, M. (1990). Iso-orientaion areas in foveal cone mosaic. Visual Neuroscience, 5.

Purdy, D. M. (1931). Spectral hue as a function of intensity. American Journal of Psychology, 63, 541-559.

Purpura, K., Kaplan, E., & Shapley, R. M. (1988). Background light and the contrast gain of P and M retinal ganglion cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 85, 4534-4537.

Purpura, K., Tranchina, D., Kaplan, E., & Shapley, R. M. (1990). Light adaptation in the primate retina: Analysis of changes in gain and dynamics of monkey retinal ganglion cells. Visual Neuroscience, 4, 75-93.

Rao-Mirotznik, R., Harkins, A. B., Buchsbaum, G., & Sterling, P. (1995). Mammalian rod terminal: architecture of a binary synapse. Neuron, 14, 561-569.

Ratoosh, P., & Graham, C. G. (1951). Areal effects in foveal brightness discrimination. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 42, 367-375.

Raviola, E., & Gilula, N. B. (1973). Gap junctions between photoreceptor cells in the vertebrate retina. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A., 70, 1677-1681.

Raviola, E., & Gilula, N. B. (1975). Intramembrane organization of specialized contacts in the outer plexiform layer of the retina. Journal of Cell Biology, 65, 192-222.

Rayleigh, L. (1881). Experiments on colour. Nature, 25, 64-66.

Reddy, M. G., Frishman, L. G., Robson, J. G., & Du, L. (1993). Dark-adapted responses to Ganzfeld stumulation and the effects of background light: a comparison of human ERG with the psychophysical threshold. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 34, 1273.

Reeves, A. (1982a). Exchange threshold for long-wavelength incremental flashes. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 72, 565-570.

Reeves, A. (1982b). Exchange thresholds for green tests. Vision Research, 22, 961-966.

Reeves, A. (1982c). π4: Adaptation of one class of cone. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 72, 1437-1438.

Regan, B. C., Reffin, J. P., & Mollon, J. D. (1994). Luminance noise and the rapid determination of discrimination ellipses in colour deficiency. Vision Research, 34, 1279-99.

Regan, D., & Tyler, C. W. (1971). Temporal summation and its limit for wavelength changes: an analog of Bloch's law for color vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 61, 1414-1423.

Reid, R. C., & Shapley, R. M. (1992). Spatial structure of cone inputs to the receptive fields in primate lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature, 356, 716-718.

Reitner, A., Sharpe, L. T., & Zrenner, E. (1991). Is colour vision possible with only rods and blue-sensitive cones? Nature, 352, 798-800.

Riggs, L. A., Armington, J. C., & Ratliff, F. (1956). Motion of the retinal image during fixation. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 44, 315-321.

Ripps, H. (1982). Night blindness revisited: from man to molecules. Proctor Lecture. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 23, 588-609.

Robson, J. G., Frishman, L. J., Du, L., Harwerth, R. S., & Smith III, E. L. (1994). Positive and negative components of the scotopic ERG in the macaque monkey. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 35, 2047.

Rodieck, R. W. (1973). The vertebrate retina. San Francisco: Freeman.

Rodieck, R. W. (1988). The primate retina, Comparative Primate Biology, Volume 4: Neurosciences (pp. 203-278) New York: A. R. Liss.

Rodieck, R. W. (1998). The first steps in seeing. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer.

Rood, O. N. (1879). Modern chromatics, with applications to art and industry. New York: D. Appleton & Co.

Rood, O. N. (1893). On a photometric method that is independent of color. American Journal of Science and Arts, 46, 173-176.

Roufs, J. A. J. (1972a). Dynamic properties of vision. II. Theoretical relationship between flicker and flash thresholds. Vision Research, 12, 279-292.

Roufs, J. A. J. (1972b). Dynamic properties of vision-I. Experimental relationships between flicker and flash thresholds. Vision Research, 12, 261-278.

Ruddock, K. H. (1963). Evidence for macular pigmentation from colour matching data. Vision Research, 3, 417-429.

Ruddock, K. H. (1965). The effect of age upon colour vision II. Changes with age in light transmission of the ocular media. Vision Research, 5, 47-58.

Rushton, W. A. H. (1959). Excitation pools in the frog's retina. Journal of Physiology, 149, 327-345.

Rushton, W. A. H. (1963a). A cone pigment in the protanope. Journal of Physiology, 168, 345-359.

Rushton, W. A. H. (1963b). The density of chlorolabe in the foveal cones of a protanope. Journal of Physiology, 168, 360-373.

Rushton, W. A. H. (1963c). Increment threshold and dark adaptation. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 53, 104-109.

Rushton, W. A. H. (1965a). Bleached rhodopsin and visual adaptation. Journal of Physiology, 181, 645-655.

Rushton, W. A. H. (1965b). The Ferrier lecture, 1962: Visual adaptation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B162, 20-46.

Rushton, W. A. H. (1965c). A foveal pigment in the deuteranope. Journal of Physiology, 176, 24-37.

Rushton, W. A. H. (1972a). Pigments and signals in colour vision. Journal of Physiology, 220, 1-31P.

Rushton, W. A. H. (1972b). Visual pigments in man. In H. J. A. Dartnall (Ed.), Handbook of sensory physiology New York: Springer-Verlag.

Rushton, W. A. H., & Henry, G. H. (1968). Bleaching and regeneration of cone pigments in man. Vision Research, 8, 617-631.

Rushton, W. A. H., Powell, D. S., & White, K. D. (1973a). Exchange thresholds in dichromats. Vision Research, 13, 1993-2002.

Rushton, W. A. H., Powell, D. S., & White, K. D. (1973b). Pigments in anomalous trichromats. Vision Research, 13, 2017-2031.

Rushton, W. A. H., Powell, D. S., & White, K. D. (1973c). The spectral sensitivities of the "red" and "green" cones in the normal eye. Vision Research, 13, 2003-2015.

Rushton, W. A. H., & Westheimer, G. (1962). The effect upon the rod threshold of bleaching neighbouring rods. Journal of Physiology, 164, 318-329.

Rüther, K., Apfelstedt-Sylla, E., & Zrenner, Z. (1993). Clinical findings in patients with congenital stationary night blindness of the Schubert-Bornschein type. German Journal of Ophthalmology, 2, 429-435.

Rüther, K., Stockman, A., Sharpe, L. T., & Nordby, K. (1993). Rods cancel rods in flicker: new electrophysiological evidence. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 34, 743.

Said, F. S., & Weale, R. A. (1959). The variation with age of the spectral transmissivity of the living human crystalline lens. Gerontologia, 3, 213-231.

Saito, T. (1987). Physiological and morphological differences between On- and Off-center bipolar cells in the vertebrate retina. Vision Research, 27, 135-142.

Sanocki, E., Lindsey, D. T., Winderickx, J., Teller, D. Y., Deeb, S. S., & Motulsky, A. G. (1993). Serine/alanine amino acid polymorphism of the L and M-cone pigments: Effects on Rayleigh matches among deuteranopes, protanopes and color normal observers. Vision Research, 33, 2139-2152.

Sanocki, E., Shevell, S. K., & Winderickx, J. (1994). Serine/alanine amino acid polymorphism of the L-cone photopigment assessed by dual Rayleigh-type color matches. Vision Research, 34, 377-382.

Schefrin, B. E., Werner, J. S., Plach, M., Utlaut, N., & Switkes, E. (1992). Sites of age-related sensitivity loss in a short-wave cone pathway. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 9, 355-363.

Scheibner, H. M. O., & Boynton, R. M. (1968). Residual red-green discrimination in dichromats. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 58, 1151-1158.

Schiller, P. H. (1984). The connections of the retinal ON and OFF pathways to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the monkey. Vision Research, 24, 923-932.

Schiller, P. H., & Malpeli, J. G. (1977). Properties and tectal projections of monkey retinal ganglion cells. Journal of Neurophysiology, 40, 428-445.

Schirillo, J. A., & Reeves, A. J. (1991). Spatial factors and mechanisms of the middle wavelength cone pathway. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 32, 1212.

Schlemermeyer, E., & Chappell, R. L. (1996). Two classes of bipolar cell in the retina of the skate Raja erinacea. Journal of Neurocytology, 25, 625-635.

Schmolesky, M. T., Youngchang, W., Hanes, D. P., Thompson, K. G., Leutgeb, S., Schall, J. D., & Leventhal, A. G. (1998). Signal timing across the macaque visual system. Journal of Neurophysiology, 79, 3272-3278.

Schnapf, J. L. (1983). Dependence of single photon response on longtitudinal position of absorption in toad rod outer segments. Journal of Physiology, 343, 147-159.

Schnapf, J. L., Kraft, T. W., & Baylor, D. A. (1987). Spectral sensitivity of human cone photoreceptors. Nature, 325, 439-441.

Schnapf, J. L., Nunn, B. J., Meister, M., & Baylor, D. A. (1990). Visual transduction in cones of the monkey Macaca fascicularis. Journal of Physiology, 427, 681-713.

Schnapf, J. L., Schneeweis, D. M., & Kraft, T. W. (1994). Phototransduction in primate photoreceptors. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 35, 2001.

Schneeweis, D. M., & Schnapf, J. L. (1995). Photovoltage of Rods and Cones in Macaque Retina. Science, 268, 1053-1056.

Scholtes, A. M. W., & Bouman, M. A. (1977). Psychophysical experiments on spatial summation at threshold levels of the human peripheral retina. Vision Research, 17, 867-873.

Schrödinger, E. (1925). Über das Verhältnis der Vierfarben zur Dreifarbentheorie. Sitzungberichte. Abt. 2a, Mathematik, Astronomie, Physik, Meteorologie und Mechanik. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 134, 471.

Schubert, G., & Bornschein, H. (1952). Beitrag zur Analyse des menschlichen Electroretinogramms. Ophthalmologica, 123, 396-413.

Schwarz, F. (1943). Über die binokulare summation von flimmerlicht. Zeitschrift für Sinnesphysiologie, 70, 22-29.

Schweitzer, N. M. J., & Padmos, P. (1966). The microstructure of the human scotopic ERG. In S. Institute for Perception (Ed.), The clinical value of electroretinography, ISCERG Symposium, Ghent (pp. 198-204) Basel: Karger.

Schweitzer, N. M. J., & Troelsta, A. (1965). A negative component in the b-wave of the human ERG. Ophthalmologica, 149, 230-235.

Sharpe, L. T. (1990). The light-adaptation of the rod visual system. In R. Hess, L. T. Sharpe, & K. Nordby (Eds.), Night Vision: basic, clinical and applied aspects (pp. 49-124) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sharpe, L. T., Collewijn, H., & Nordby, K. (1986). Fixation, pursuit and nystagmus in a complete achromat. Clinical Vision Sciences, 1, 39-49.

Sharpe, L. T., Fach, C. C., Hofmeister, J., & Stockman, A. (1991). Effect of target size on the fast and slow rod pathways. Optical Society of America Technical Digest, 17, 41.

Sharpe, L. T., Fach, C. C., Nordby, K., & Stockman, A. (1989). The incremental threshold of the rod visual system and Weber's law. Science, 244, 354-356.

Sharpe, L. T., Fach, C. C., & Stockman, A. (1992). The field adaptation of the human rod visual system. Journal of Physiology, 445, 319-343.

Sharpe, L. T., Fach, C. C., & Stockman, A. (1993). The spectral properties of the two rod pathways. Vision Research, 33, 2705-2720.

Sharpe, L. T., Hofmeister, J., Fach, C. C., & Stockman, A. (1994). Spatial relations of flicker signals in the two rod pathways. Journal of Physiology, 474, 421-431.

Sharpe, L. T., Kirsch, Bach, M., & Rüther, K. (in preparation-a). Two rod signal in the VEP. .

Sharpe, L. T., Knau, H., & Stockman, A. (in preparation). Changes in cone spectral sensitivity with eccentricity: the effect of macular pigment and photopigment densities. .

Sharpe, L. T., Nathans, J., Jägle, H., & Stockman, A. (1995). Red and red-green-hybrid pigments in man. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 36, S208.

Sharpe, L. T., & Nordby, K. (1990a). The photoreceptors in the achromat. In R. Hess, L. T. Sharpe, & K. Nordby (Eds.), Night Vision: basic, clinical and applied aspects (pp. 335-389) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sharpe, L. T., & Nordby, K. (1990b). Total colour blindness: an introduction. In R. Hess, L. T. Sharpe, & K. Nordby (Eds.), Night Vision: basic, clinical and applied aspects (pp. 253-289) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sharpe, L. T., Spillman, L. A., Arestov, T., & Fach, C. C. (in preparation-b). Dynamics of human rod and cone signals. .

Sharpe, L. T., & Stockman, A. (1991). Dual rod pathways. In A. Valberg & B. B. Lee (Eds.), From pigments to perception. Advances in understanding visual processes (pp. 53-66) New York: Plenum.

Sharpe, L. T., & Stockman, A. (1999). Two rod pathways: the importance of seeing nothing. Trends in Neurosciences, 22, 497-504.

Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Fach, C. C., & Markstahler, U. (1993). Temporal and spatial summation in the human rod visual system. Journal of Physiology, 463, 325-348.

Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Jägle, H., Knau, H., Klausen, G., Reitner, A., & Nathans, J. (1998a). Red, green, and red-green hybrid photopigments in the human retina: correlations between deduced protein sequences and psychophysically-measured spectral sensitivities. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 10053-10069.

Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Jägle, H., Knau, H., & Nathans, J. (1999). L, M and L-M hybrid cone photopigments in man. Vision Research, 39, 3513-3525.

Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Jägle, H., & Nathans, J. (1999). Opsin genes, cone photopigments, color vision and colorblindness. In K. Gegenfurtner & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Color vision: from genes to perception (pp. 3-50) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Knau, H., & Jägle, H. (1998b). Macular pigment densities derived from central and peripheral spectral sensitivity differences. Vision Research, 38, 3233-3239.

Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., & MacLeod, D. I. A. (1987). A duplexity of scotopic flicker perception. Perception, 16, A38.

Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., & MacLeod, D. I. A. (1989). Rod flicker perception: scotopic duality, phase lags and destructive interference. Vision Research, 29, 1539-1559.

Sharpe, L. T., van Norren, D., & Nordby, K. (1988). Pigment regeneration, visual adaptation and spectral sensitivity in the achromat. Clinical Vision Sciences, 3, 9-17.

Sharpe, L. T., & Volbrecht, V. (1990). Estimating middle- and long-wave cone sensitivity with large, long and tiny, brief targets. Perception, 19, 745-757.

Sherrington, C. S. (1906). The integrative action of the nervous system. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Shiells, R. A., & Falk, G. (1990). Glutamate receptors of rod bipolar cells are linked to a cyclic GMP cascade via a G-protein. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 242, 91-94.

Shimazaki, H., Karwoski, C. J., & Proenza, L. M. (1984). Aspartate-induced dissociation of proximal from distal retinal activity in the mudpuppy. Vision Research, 24, 587-595.

Shlaer, S. (1937). The relation between visual acuity and illumination. Journal of General Physiology, 21, 165-188.

Shyue, S. K., Hewett-Emmett, D., Sperling, H. G., Hunt, D. M., Bowmaker, J. K., Mollon, J. D., & Li, W. H. (1995). Adaptive evolution of color vision genes in higher primates. Science, 269, 1265-7.

Shyue, S. K., Li, L., Chang, B. H., & Li, W. H. (1994). Intronic gene conversion in the evolution of human X-linked color vision genes [letter]. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 11, 548-51.

Sieving, P. A. (1991). Retinal ganglion cell loss does not abolish the scotopic threshold response (STR) of the cat and human ERG. Clinical Vision Sciences, 6, 149-158.

Sieving, P. A., Frishman, L. J., & Steinberg, R. H. (1986a). M-wave of proximal retina in cat. Journal of Neurophysiology, 56, 1039-1048.

Sieving, P. A., Frishman, L. J., & Steinberg, R. H. (1986b). Scotopic threshold response of proximal retina of cat. Journal of Neurophysiology, 56, 1049-1061.

Sieving, P. A., & Nino, C. (1988). Scotopic threshold response (STR) of the human electroretinogram. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 29, 1608-1614.

Sieving, P. A., & Wakabayashi, K. (1991). Comparison of rod threshold ERG from monkey, cat and human. Clinical Vision Sciences, 6, 171-179.

Sigel, C., & Brousseau, L. (1982). π4: adaptation of more than one class of cone. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 72, 237-246.

Sigel, C., & Pugh, E. N. (1980). Stiles's π5 color mechanism: Tests of field displacements and field additivity properties. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 70, 71-81.

Slaughter, M. M., & Miller, R. F. (1981). 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: a new pharmacological tool for retina research. Science, 211, 182-185.

Sloan, L. L. (1954). Congenital achromatopsia: a report of 19 cases. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 44, 117-128.

Sloan, L. L. (1958). The photopic retinal receptors of the typical achromat. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 46, 81-86.

Smith III, E. L., Harwerth, R. S., Crawford, M. L. J., & Duncan, G. C. (1989). Contribution of the retinal ON channels to scotopic and photopic spectral sensitivity. Visual Neuroscience, 3, 225-239.

Smith, R. G., Freed, M. A., & Sterling, P. (1986). Microcircuitry of the dark-adapted cat retina: Functional architecture of the rod-cone network. Journal of Neuroscience, 6, 3505-3517.

Smith, R. G., & Vardi, N. (1995). Simulation of the AII amacrine cell in cat retina: Functional consequences of electrical coupling and regenerative membrane properties. Visual Neuroscience, 12, 851-860.

Smith, V. C., Bowen, R. W., & Pokorny, J. (1984). Threshold temporal integration of chromatic stimuli. Vision Research, 24, 653-660.

Smith, V. C., Dacey, D. M., Pokorny, J., & Lee, B. B. (1998). Time dependent adaptation in primate horizontal cells. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 39, S209.

Smith, V. C., Lee, B. B., Pokorny, J., Martin, P. R., & Valberg, A. (1992). Responses of macaque ganglion cells to the relative phase of heterochromatically modulated lights. Journal of Physiology, 458, 191-221.

Smith, V. C., & Pokorny, J. (1973). Psychophysical estimates of optical density in human cones. Vision Research, 13, 1199-1202.

Smith, V. C., & Pokorny, J. (1975). Spectral sensitivity of the foveal cone photopigments between 400 and 500 nm. Vision Research, 15, 161-171.

Smith, V. C., Pokorny, J., Delleman, J. W., Cozijnsen, M., Houtman, W. A., & Went, L. N. (1983). X-linked incomplete achromatopsia with more than one class of functional cones. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 24, 451-457.

Smith, V. C., Pokorny, J., & Starr, S. J. (1976a). Variability of color mixture data--I. Interobserver variability in the unit coordinates. Vision Research, 16, 1087-1094.

Smith, V. C., Pokorny, J., & Starr, S. J. (1976b). Variability of color mixture data--II. The effect of viewing field size on unit coordinates. Vision Research, 16, 1095-1098.

Smith, V. C., Pokorny, J., & Zaidi, Q. (1983). How do sets of Color-Matching Functions differ? In J. D. Mollon & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Colour Vision: Physiology and Psychophysics London: Academic.

Snodderly, D. M., Brown, P. K., Delori, F. C., & Auran, J. D. (1984). The macular pigment. I. Absorbance spectra, localization, and discrimination form other yellow pigments in primate retina. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 25, 660-673.

Snyder, A. W. (1975). Photoreceptor optics - theoretical principles. In A. W. Snyder & R. Menzel (Eds.), Photoreceptor optics (pp. 38-55) Berlin, Heidelburg, New York: Springer-Verlag.

Soucy, E., Wang, Y., Nirenberg, S., Nathans, J., & Meister, M. (1998). A novel signaling pathway from rod photoreceptors to ganglion cells in mammalian retina. Neuron, 21, 481-493.

Sparrock, J. M. B. (1966). Stabilized images, afterimages, retinal noise and adaptation. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.

Spehar, B., & Zaidi, Q. (1997). Surround effects on the shape of the temporal contrast-sensitivity function. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 14, 2517-2525.

Spekreijse, H., & Reits, D. (1982). Sequential analysis of the visual evoked potential system in man; nonlinear analysis of a sandwich system. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 388, 72-97.

Speranskaya, N. I. (1959). Determination of spectrum color co-ordinates for twenty-seven normal observers. Optics and Spectroscopy, 7, 424-428.

Sperling, G., & Sondhi, M. M. (1968). Model for visual luminance discrimination and flicker detection. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 58, 1133-1145.

Sperling, H. G. (1958). An experimental investigation of the relationship between colour mixture and luminous efficiency, Visual Problems of Colour, Volume 1 (pp. 249-277) London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

Sperling, H. G. (1960). Case of congenital tritanopia with implications for a trichromatic model of color reception. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 50, 156-163.

Spillmann, L., Ransom-Hogg, A., & Oehler, R. (1987). A comparison of perceptive and receptive fields in man and monkey. Human Neurobiology, 6, 51-62.

Spivey, B. E. (1965). The X-linked recessive inheritance of atypical monochromatism. Archives of Ophthalmology, 74, 327-333.

Stabell, U., & Stabell, B. (1980). Variation in density of macular pigmentation and in short-wave cone sensitivity with eccentricity. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 70, 706-711.

Steinberg, R. H. (1969a). Comparison of the intraretinal b-wave and d.c. component in the area centralis of cat retina. Vision Research, 9, 317-331.

Steinberg, R. H. (1969b). The rod after-effect in S-potentials from the cat retina. Vision Research, 9, 1345-1355.

Steinberg, R. H. (1969c). Rod and cone contributions to S-potentials from the cat retina. Vision Research, 9, 1319-1329.

Steinberg, R. H. (1969d). Rod-cone interactions in S-potentials from the cat retina. Vision Research, 9, 1331-1344.

Steinberg, R. H. (1971). Incremental responses to light recorded from pigment epithelial cells and horizontal cells of the cat retina. Journal of Physiology, 217, 93-110.

Steinberg, R. H., Frishman, L. J., & Sieving, P. A. (1991). Negative components of the electroretinogram from proximal retina and photoreceptor. In N. Osborne & G. Chader (Eds.), Progress in retinal research (pp. 121-160) New York: Pergamon Press.

Steinberg, R. H., & Schmidt, R. (1970). Identification of horizontal cells as S-potential generators in the cat retina by intracellular dye injection. Vision Research, 10, 817-820.

Sterling, P. (1983). Microcircuitry of the cat retina. Annual Review of Neurology, 6, 149-185.

Sterling, P. (1998). "Knocking out" a neural circuit. Neuron, 21, 643-644.

Sterling, P., Freed, M., & Smith, R. G. (1986). Microcircuitry and functional architecture of the cat retina. Trends in Neurosciences, 9, 186-192.

Sterling, P., Freed, M., & Smith, R. G. (1988). Architecture of rod and cone circuits to the on-beta ganglion cells. Journal of Neuroscience, 8, 623-642.

Sterling, P., Smith, R. G., Rao, R., & Vardi, N. (1995). Functional architecture of mammalian outer retina and bipolar cells. In M. B. A. Djamgoz, S. N. Archer, & S. Vallerga (Eds.), Neurobiology and clinical aspects of the outer retina (pp. 323-348) London: Chapman & Hall.

Sternheim, C. E., & Glass, R. A. (1975). Evidence for cone and rod contributions to common "adaptation pools". Vision Research, 15, 277-281.

Sternheim, C. E., Gorinson, G. A., & Markovitz, N. (1977). Visual sensitivity during successive chromatic contrast: evidence for interactions between photopic mechanisms. Vision Research, 17, 45-49.

Stevens, J. C., & Stevens, S. S. (1963). Brightness function: effects of addition. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 53, 375-385.

Stewart, G. N. (1887). Is the law of Talbot true for very rapidly intermittent light? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 15, 441-464.

Stiles, W. S. (1937). The luminous efficiency of monochromatic rays entering the eye pupil at different points and a new colour effect. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B123, 90-118.

Stiles, W. S. (1939). The directional sensitivity of the retina and the spectral sensitivity of the rods and cones. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B127, 64-105.

Stiles, W. S. (1946). Separation of the 'blue' and 'green' mechanisms of foveal vision by measurements of increment thresholds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 133, 418-434.

Stiles, W. S. (1948). The physical interpretation of the spectral sensitivity curve of the eye, Transactions of the Optical Convention of the Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers (pp. 97-107) London: Spectacle Maker's Company.

Stiles, W. S. (1949). Incremental thresholds and the mechanisms of colour vision. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 3, 138-163.

Stiles, W. S. (1953). Further studies of visual mechanisms by the two-colour threshold technique. Coloquio sobre problemas opticos de la vision, 1, 65-103.

Stiles, W. S. (1958). The average colour matching functions for a large matching field, Visual Problems of Colour, Volume 1 (pp. 209-247) London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

Stiles, W. S. (1959). Color vision: the approach through increment threshold sensitivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A., 45, 100-114.

Stiles, W. S. (1964). Foveal threshold sensitivity on fields of different colors. Science, 145, 1016-1018.

Stiles, W. S. (1967). Mechanism concepts in colour theory. Journal of the Colour Group, 11, 105-123.

Stiles, W. S. (1978). Mechanisms of Colour Vision. London: Academic.

Stiles, W. S., & Burch, J. M. (1955). Interim report to the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage Zurich, 1955, on the National Physical Laboratory's investigation of colour-matching (1955) with an appendix by W. S. Stiles & J. M. Burch. Optica Acta, 2, 168-181.

Stiles, W. S., & Burch, J. M. (1959). NPL colour-matching investigation: Final report (1958). Optica Acta, 6, 1-26.

Stiles, W. S., & Crawford, B. H. (1932). Equivalent adaptation levels in localised retinal areas., The Physical and Optical Societies Report (pp. 194-211) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Stiles, W. S., & Crawford, B. H. (1933). The luminous efficiency of monochromatic rays entering the eye pupil at different points. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 112, 428-450.

Stiles, W. S., & Crawford, B. H. (1934). The liminal brightness increment for white light for different conditions of the foveal and parafoveal retina. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 116, 55-102.

Stockman, A. (1983). The spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength cone mechanisms. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.

Stockman, A. (1984). The test sensitivity functions of the middle- and long-wavelength cone mechanisms. Perception, 13, A4.

Stockman, A. (1985). The test sensitivity functions of the middle- and long-wavelength cone mechanisms. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 26, 11.

Stockman, A. (1993). Changes in color produced by amplitude-modulated M- and L-cone detected flickering lights survive flicker photometric cancellation. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 34, 912.

Stockman, A., Langendörfer, M., & Sharpe, L. T. (1998). Light adaptation and the human temporal response. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 39, S1109.

Stockman, A., & MacLeod, D. I. A. (1985). Visible beats from invisible flickering lights: evidence that blue-sensitive cones respond to rapid flicker. Perception, 14, A18.

Stockman, A., & MacLeod, D. I. A. (1986). Visible beats from invisible flickering lights: Evidence that blue-sensitive cones respond to rapid flicker. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 27, 71.

Stockman, A., & MacLeod, D. I. A. (1987). An inverted S-cone input to the luminance channel: evidence for two processes in S-cone flicker detection. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 28, 92.

Stockman, A., & MacLeod, D. I. A. (1992). A change in color produced by an invisibly flickering light: a compressive non-linearity in the S-cone pathway. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 33, 756.

Stockman, A., MacLeod, D. I. A., & DePriest, D. D. (1991). The temporal properties of the human short-wave photoreceptors and their associated pathways. Vision Research, 31, 189-208.

Stockman, A., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Johnson, N. E. (1993). Spectral sensitivities of the human cones. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 10, 2491-2521.

Stockman, A., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Lebrun, S. (1993). Faster than the eye can see: blue cones respond to rapid flicker. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 10, 1396-1402.

Stockman, A., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Vivien, J. A. (1993). Isolation of the middle- and long-wavelength sensitive cones in normal trichromats. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 10, 2471-2490.

Stockman, A., & Mollon, J. D. (1986). The spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength cones: an extension of the two-colour threshold technique of W S. Stiles. Perception, 15, 729-754.

Stockman, A., Montag, E. D., & MacLeod, D. I. A. (1991). Large changes in phase delay on intense bleaching backgrounds. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 32, 841.

Stockman, A., & Plummer, D. J. (1994). The luminance channel can be opponent?? Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 35, 1572.

Stockman, A., & Plummer, D. J. (1998). Color from invisible flicker: a failure of the Talbot-Plateau law caused by an early "hard" saturating nonlinearity used to partition the human short-wave cone pathway. Vision Research, 38, 3703-3728.

Stockman, A., & Sharpe, L. T. (1998). Human cone spectral sensitivities: a progress report. Vision Research, 38, 3193-3206.

Stockman, A., & Sharpe, L. T. (1999). Cone spectral sensitivities and color matching. In K. Gegenfurtner & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Color vision: from genes to perception (pp. 51-85) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Stockman, A., & Sharpe, L. T. (2000). Spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength sensitive cones derived from measurements in observers of known genotype. Vision Research, 40, 1711-1737.

Stockman, A., & Sharpe, L. T. (2000). Tritanopic color matches and the middle- and long-wavelength-sensitive cone spectral sensitivities. Vision Research, 40, 1739-1750.

Stockman, A., Sharpe, L. T., & Fach, C. C. (1995). Spectral sensitivity of the short-wavelength-sensitive cones. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 36, S189.

Stockman, A., Sharpe, L. T., & Fach, C. C. (1999). The spectral sensitivity of the human short-wavelength cones. Vision Research.

Stockman, A., Sharpe, L. T., & MacLeod, D. I. A. (1988). A duality of rod flicker detection: π0 and π0'. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (supplement), 29, 91.

Stockman, A., Sharpe, L. T., Merbs, S., & Nathans, J. (2000). Spectral sensitivities of human cone visual pigments determined in vivo and in vitro. Vertebrate phototransduction and the visual cycle, Part B.  Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 316, pp. 626-650.  New York: Academic.