Andrew Stockman
Andrew Stockman
UCL Institute of Ophthalmology
Steers Chair of Investigative Eye Research
Website
Colour & Vision Research Labs database at http://www.cvrl.org
Institute home page at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ioo, personal page here.
Mailing Address
UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, England.
e-mail: a.stockman@ucl.ac.uk
Education/Qualifications
Institution Degree Year Subject
Univ. of Oxford, England B.A. 1979 Experimental Psychology
Univ. of Oxford, England M.A. 1984 Experimental Psychology
Univ. of Cambridge, England Ph.D. 1984 Vision Research
Univ. of California San Diego, USA PostDoc -- Vision Research
Professional History
2001- Steers Chair of Investigative Eye Research at the Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London
2000-01 Senior Research Scientist (Step II) at UC San Diego.
1994-99 Associate Research Scientist (Step II, 1994; Step III, 1996; Step IV, 1998) at UC San Diego.
1986‑94 Assistant Research Scientist (Step II, 1988; Step III, 1990; Step IV, 1992) at UC San Diego.
1984-86 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Postdoctoral Fellow at U C San Diego
1979‑83 Graduate student at Trinity College, University of Cambridge
1978 Research Assistant at the University of Cambridge (summer)
Other Appointments and Affiliations
2006-2008 Colour Group (GB) committee member.
2001-2004 Chair of the Optical Society of America technical division of colour and vision.
1998-2000 Chair of the Optical Society of America technical group on colour.
1996-1998 Vice-chair of the Optical Society of America technical group on colour.
1992- Member of the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) committee that is to choose a fundamental chromaticity diagram with physiologically significant axes.
Memberships
Optical Society of America (OSA), Vision Sciences Society (VSS), International Colour Vision Society (ICVS), Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO), Colour Group of Great Britain, and Inter-Society Color Council.
Honours and Awards
2000 Elected Fellow of the Optical Society of America
1999 Visiting scientist at the University of Tübingen, Germany
1998 Visiting scientist at the University of Tübingen, Germany
1994 Hoffmann La Roche travel fellowship to visit the University of Freiburg, Germany
1992 Visiting scientist at the University of Freiburg, Germany.
1985 Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Travel Fellowship
1984 NATO/SERC Postdoctoral Fellowship
1976 Open Exhibition to St. Edmund Hall, University of Oxford
Invited talks
2009 Invited speaker, CIE Light and Lighting meeting, Budapest.
2008 Invited speaker, IS&T/SID Color Imaging Conference, Portland, USA.
2008 Invited speaker, Colour Group UK, January meeting, London.
2007 Symposium speaker, City University School of Optometry, New York, USA.
2006 Symposium speaker Northeastern University, USA.
2006 Invited speaker, SCC/CIE Expert Symposium, Ottawa - 75 Years of the CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer.
2005 Invited speaker, Fall Vision Meeting symposium on Connectivity & Function in the Short-Wavelength Cone Pathway, Tucson, USA.
2003 Symposium speaker, Oxford University.
2002 Symposium speaker, Schepens Eye Institute, Boston, USA.
2002 Symposium speaker, University of Cambridge.
2002 Invited speaker, Colour Group UK, January meeting, London.
2000 Invited speaker, Optical Society of America symposium on Adaptation.
1997 Invited speaker, International Research Group for Colour Vision Deficiencies.
1994 Invited speaker, Optical Society of America symposium on Phase delays between cone signals.
1991 Invited speaker, Optical Society of America symposium on Short-wavelength cones.
1989 Invited speaker, Rank Prize Funds symposium on Colour Vision.
Miscellaneous
Reviewer for Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Vision Research, Perception, National Science Foundation, Journal of Neuroscience, Visual Neuroscience, Color Research and Application, Perception and Psychophysics, International Colour Vision Society, and Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Trends in Neuroscience. Regular attendee, presenter and session chair at the VSS, ARVO and OSA meetings. OSA meeting organizer. Colour Group January meeting organiser. Reviewer for the Open University.
Research
Fellowships
Fellow of the Optical Society of America
Grants
2007-2010 BBSRC 3-year Research grant
2006-2010 Fight for Sight 3-year Research grant
2003-2006 Wellcome Trust 3-year Research grant
1999-2001 National Institutes of Health R01 four year project grant EY10206 (terminated 2001, on move to England)
1993-1998 National Institutes of Health R01 five year project grant EY10206.
1992-1993 National Science Foundation three year project grant IBN 92‑10046.
1988-1991 National Science Foundation three year project grant BNS 88‑12401.
1986-1989 National Science Foundation two year project grant BNS 86‑09217.
Stockman, A. (1983). The spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength cone mechanisms. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.
Stockman, A., & Mollon, J. D. (1986). The spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength cones: an extension of the two-colour threshold technique of W S. Stiles. Perception, 15, 729-754.
Chen, B., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Stockman, A. (1987). Improvement in human vision under bright light: grain or gain? Journal of Physiology (London), 394, 41-66.
MacLeod, D. I. A., & Stockman, A. (1987). Duplicity, phase lags and destructive interference in mesopic and scotopic flicker perception. In N. R. C. Working group on night vision (Ed.), Night Vision: current research and future directions Washington: National Academy Press.
Mollon, J. D., Stockman, A., & Polden, P. G. (1987). Transient tritanopia of a second kind. Vision Research, 27, 637-650.
Sharpe, L. T., Fach, C. C., Nordby, K., & Stockman, A. (1989). The incremental threshold of the rod visual system and Weber's law. Science, 244, 354-356.
Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., & MacLeod, D. I. A. (1989). Rod flicker perception: scotopic duality, phase lags and destructive interference. Vision Research, 29, 1539-1559.
MacLeod, D. I. A., Chen, B., & Stockman, A. (1990). Why do we see better in bright light? In C. B. Blakemore (Ed.), Visual coding and efficiency Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sharpe, L. T., & Stockman, A. (1991). Dual rod pathways. In A. Valberg, & B. B. Lee (Ed.), From pigments to perception. Advances in understanding visual processes New York: Plenum.
Stockman, A., MacLeod, D. I. A., & DePriest, D. D. (1991). The temporal properties of the human short-wave photoreceptors and their associated pathways. Vision Research, 31, 189-208.
Stockman, A., Sharpe, L. T., Zrenner, E., & Nordby, K. (1991). Slow and fast pathways in the human rod visual system: ERG and psychophysics. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 8, 1657-1665.
Sharpe, L. T., Fach, C. C., & Stockman, A. (1992). The field adaptation of the human rod visual system. Journal of Physiology (London), 445, 319-343.
Sharpe, L. T., Fach, C. C., & Stockman, A. (1993). The spectral properties of the two rod pathways. Vision Research, 33, 2705-2720.
Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Fach, C. C., & Markstahler, U. (1993). Temporal and spatial summation in the human rod visual system. Journal of Physiology (London), 463, 325-348.
Stockman, A., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Lebrun, S. (1993). Faster than the eye can see: the blue cones respond to rapid flicker. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 10, 1396-1402.
Stockman, A., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Johnson, N. E. (1993). Spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength sensitive cones. Journal of the Optical Society A, 10, 2491-2521.
Stockman, A., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Vivien, J. A. (1993). Isolation of the middle- and long-wavelength sensitive cones in normal trichromats. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 10, 2471-2490.
Sharpe, L. T., Hofmeister, J., Fach, C. C., & Stockman, A. (1994). Spatial relations of flicker signals in the two rod pathways. Journal of Physiology (London), 474, 421-431.
Stockman, A., Sharpe, L. T, Rüther, K, & Nordby, K. (1995). Two signals in the human rod visual system: a model based on electrophysiological data. Visual Neuroscience, 12, 951-970.
Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Jägle, H., Knau, H., Klausen, G., Reitner, A., & Nathans, J. (1998). Red, green, and red-green hybrid photopigments in the human retina: correlations between deduced protein sequences and psychophysically-measured spectral sensitivities. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 10053-10069.
Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Knau, H., & Jägle, H. (1998). Macular pigment densities derived from central and peripheral spectral sensitivity differences. Vision Research, 38, 3233-3239.
Stockman, A., & Plummer, D. J. (1998). Color from invisible flicker: a failure of the Talbot-Plateau law caused by an early "hard" saturating nonlinearity used to partition the human short-wave cone pathway. Vision Research, 38, 3703-3728.
Stockman, A., & Sharpe, L. T. (1998). Human cone spectral sensitivities: a progress report. Vision Research, 38, 3193-3206.
Sharpe, L. T., & Stockman, A. (1999). Two rod pathways: the importance of seeing nothing. Trends in Neurosciences, 22, 497-504.
Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Jägle, H., Knau, H., & Nathans, J. (1999). L, M and L-M hybrid cone photopigments in man: deriving lmax from flicker photometric spectral sensitivities. Vision Research, 39, 3513-3525.
Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Jägle, H., & Nathans, J. (1999). Opsin genes, cone photopigments, color vision and colorblindness. In K. Gegenfurtner & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Color vision: From Genes to Perception (pp. 3-51) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stockman, A., & Sharpe, L. T. (1999). Cone spectral sensitivities and color matching. In K. Gegenfurtner & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Color vision: From Genes to Perception (pp. 53-87) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stockman, A., Sharpe, L. T., & Fach, C. C. (1999). The spectral sensitivity of the human short-wavelength cones. Vision Research, 39, 2901-2927.
Stockman, A. and Sharpe, L.T. (2000) Spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength sensitive cones derived from measurements in observers of known genotype. Vision Research, 40, 1711-1737.
Stockman, A. and Sharpe, L.T. (2000) Tritanopic color matches and the middle- and long-wavelength-sensitive cone spectral sensitivities. Vision Research, 40, 1739-1750.
Stockman, A., Sharpe, L.T., Merbs, S. and Nathans, J. (2000) Spectral sensitivities of human cone visual pigments determined in vivo and in vitro. In: K. Palczewski (Ed), Vertebrate phototransduction and the visual cycle, Part B. Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 316, pp. 626-650. Vol. 316. Academic Press, New York.
Stockman, A. (2004). Colorimetry. In: T.G. Brown, K. Creath, H. Kogelnik, M.A. Kriss, J. Schmit, & M.J. Weber (Eds.), The Optics Encyclopedia: Basic Foundations and Practical Applications, 1 (pp. 207-226). Berlin: Wiley-VCH.
Stockman, A., Plummer, D.J., & Montag, E.D. (2005). Spectrally-opponent inputs to the human luminance pathway: slow +M and -L cone inputs revealed by intense long-wavelength adaptation. Journal of Physiology, 566, 61-76.
Stockman, A., & Plummer, D.J. (2005). Spectrally-opponent inputs to the human luminance pathway: slow +L and -M cone inputs revealed by low to moderate long-wavelength adaptation. Journal of Physiology, 566, 77-91.
Ebenezer, N.D., Michaelides, M., Jenkins, S.A., Audo, I., Webster, A.R., Cheetham, M.E., Stockman, A., Maher, E.R., Ainsworth, J.R., Yates, J.R., Bradshaw, K., Holder, G.E., Moore, A.T., & Hardcastle, A.J. (2005). Identification of novel RPGR ORF15 mutations in X-linked progressive cone-rod dystrophy (XLCORD) families. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 46, 1891-1898.
Stockman, A., & Plummer, D.J. (2005). Long-wavelength adaptation reveals slow, spectrally-opponent inputs to the human luminance pathway. Journal of Vision, 5, 702-716
Sharpe, L.T., Stockman, A., Jagla, W., & Jägle, H. (2005). A luminous efficiency function, V*(λ), for daylight adaptation. Journal of Vision, 5, 948-968.
Stockman, A., Sharpe, L.T., Tufail, A., Kell, P.D., & Jeffery, G. (2006). Viagra® slows the visual response to flicker. Current Biology, 16, R44-R45.
Stockman, A., & Sharpe, L.T. (2006). Into the twilight zone: the complexities of mesopic vision and luminous efficiency. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 26, 225-239.
Smithson, H.E., Khan, S., Sharpe, L.T., & Stockman, A. (2006). Transitions between colour categories mapped with reverse Stroop interference and facilitation. Visual Neuroscience, 23, 453-460.
Stockman, A., Montag, E.D., & Plummer, D.J. (2006). Paradoxical shifts in human colour sensitivity caused by constructive and destructive interference between signals from the same cone class. Visual Neuroscience, 23, 471-478.
Stockman, A., Langendörfer, M., Smithson, H. E., & Sharpe, L. T. (2006). Human cone sensitivity regulation from perception to molecular mechanisms. Journal of Vision, 6, 1194-1213.
Stockman, A., & Sharpe, L.T. (2006). Physiologically-based colour matching functions. In Proceedings of the ISCC/CIE Expert Symposium '06: 75 Years of the CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer (pp. 13-20). Vienna: CIE Central Bureau.
Stockman, A., Langendörfer, M., & Sharpe, L. T. (2007). Human S-cone light adaptation. Journal of Vision, 7(3), 4, 1-17.
Stockman, A., Smithson, H. E., Michaelides, M., Moore, A. T., Webster, A. R., & Sharpe, L. T. (2007). Residual cone vision without α-transducin. Journal of Vision, 7(4), 8, 1-14.
Stockman, A., Sharpe, L. T., Tufail, A., Kell, P. D., Ripamonti, C., & Jeffery, G. (2007). The effect of sildenafil citrate (Viagra®) on visual sensitivity. Journal of Vision, 7(8), 4, 1-15.
Bainbridge, J. W. B., Smith, A. J., Barker, S. S., Robbie, S., Henderson, R., Balaggan, K., Viswanathan, A., Holder, G.E., Stockman, A., Tyler, N., Petersen-Jones, S., Bhattacharya, S.S., Thrasher, A.J., Fitzke, F.W., Carter, B.J., Rubin, G.S., Moore, A.T., Ali, R.R. (2008). Effect of gene therapy on visual function in Leber’s congenital amaurosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 1-9.
Sharpe, L. T., & Stockman, A. (2008). Luminous efficiency functions. In C. J. Barnstable & J. Tombran-Tink (Eds.), Visual Transduction and Non Visual Light Perception. (pp. 329-351) Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press.
Stockman, A., Jägle, H., Pirzer, M., & Sharpe, L. T. (2008). The dependence of luminous efficiency on chromatic adaptation. Journal of Vision, 8(16), 1, 1-26.
Stockman, A., & Sharpe, L. T. (2008). Human cone spectral sensitivities and color vision deficiencies. In C. J. Barnstable & J. Tombran-Tink (Eds.), Visual Transduction and Non Visual Light Perception. (pp. 307-327) Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press.
Stockman, A., & Sharpe, L. T. (2008). Spectral sensitivity. In T. D. Albright & R. H. Masland (Eds.), The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference, Volume 2: Vision II (pp. 87-100). San Diego: Academic Press Inc.
Stockman, A., Smithson, H. E., Webster, A. R., Holder, G. E., Rana, N. A., Ripamonti, C., & Sharpe, L. T. (2008). The loss of the PDE6 deactivating enzyme, RGS9, results in precocious light adaptation at low light levels. Journal of Vision, 8(1), 10, 1-10.
Ripamonti, C., Woo, W. L., Crowther, E., & Stockman, A. (2009). The S-cone contribution to luminance depends on the M- and L-cone adaptation levels: silent surrounds? Journal of Vision, 9(3), 10, 11-16.
Smithson, H. E., Henning, G. B., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Stockman, A. (2009). The effect of notched noise on flicker detection and discrimination. Journal of Vision, 9(5), 21, 1-18.
Brainard, D.H., & Stockman, A. (2009). Colorimetry. In M. Bass, C. DeCusatis, J. Enoch, V. Lakshminarayanan, G. Li, C. Macdonald, V. Mahajan & E. van Stryland (Eds.), The Optical Society of America Handbook of Optics, 3rd edition, Volume III: Vision and Vision Optics. New York: McGraw Hill.
Stockman, A., & Brainard, D. H. (2009). Color vision mechanisms. In M. Bass, C. DeCusatis, J. Enoch, V. Lakshminarayanan, G. Li, C. Macdonald, V. Mahajan & E. van Stryland (Eds.), The Optical Society of America Handbook of Optics, 3rd edition, Volume III: Vision and Vision Optics. New York: McGraw Hill.
Stockman, A., Candler, T., & Sharpe, L. T. (2010). Human scotopic sensitivity is regulated postreceptorally by changing the speed of the scotopic response. Journal of Vision, 10(2), 12, 1-19.
Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Jagla, W., & Jägle, H. (2010). A luminous efficiency function, V*(l), for daylight adaptation: a correction. Color Research & Application, in press.