Study |
Method |
Densities* |
|||
Rods |
S-cones |
M-cones |
L-cones |
||
| Hecht et al. (1942) | estimate |
0.23 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| Brindley (1953) | colour matching |
-- |
-- |
-- |
0.50 |
| Brindley (1955) | colour matching |
-- |
-- |
-- |
0.98 |
| Walraven & Bouman (1960) | directional sensitivity |
-- |
-- |
0.69 |
0.69 |
| Enoch & Stiles (1961) | directional sensitivity |
-- |
<0.20 |
1.00 |
0.70 |
| Rushton (1963) | retinal densitometry |
-- |
-- |
0.35 |
-- |
| Ripps & Weale (1965) | retinal densitometry |
-- |
-- |
-- |
0.22? |
| Alpern (1967) | colour matching |
-- |
-- |
0.51 |
0.51 |
| Terstiege (1967) | bleaching |
-- |
-- |
0.70-0.90 |
0.70-0.90 |
| Dobelle et al. (1969) | microspectro-photometry |
-- |
-- |
0.28 |
-- |
| Miller (1972) | flicker brightness matching |
-- |
-- |
0.40-0.50 |
0.50-0.60 |
| Smith & Pokorny (1973) | flicker brightness matching |
-- |
-- |
0.30 |
0.40 |
| King-Smith (1973) | retinal densitometry |
-- |
-- |
-- |
0.40±0.07 |
| King-Smith (1973b) | retinal densitometry |
-- |
-- |
-- |
0.20-0.75 |
| Alpern & Pugh (1974) | retinal densitometry |
0.342 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| Pokorny & Smith (1976) | colour matching (10-deg) |
-- |
-- |
0.15 |
0.25 |
| Zwas & Alpern (1976) | flicker brightness matching |
0.318 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| Zwas & Alpern (1976) | dark adaptation |
0.342 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| Bowmaker & Dartnall (1980) | microspectro-photometry |
0.475 |
0.375 |
0.525 |
0.525 |
| Wyszecki & Stiles (1980) | colour matching |
-- |
0.10 |
0.37 |
0.43 |
| Burns & Elsner (1993) | bleaching |
-- |
-- |
0.27 |
0.48 |
| Elsner et al. (1993) | retinal densitometry |
-- |
-- |
0.33 |
0.33 |
| Elsner et al. (1993) | colour matching |
-- |
-- |
1.0 |
1.0 |
| von der Kraats (1995) | retinal densitometry |
-- |
-- |
0.45 |
0.45 |
* Cone values are given for the central fovea; rod values for the periphery.
A small, central field (2 deg or less) may be assumed unless otherwise stated.
Table compiled by Ted Sharpe.Alpern, M. & Pugh, E.N. (1974). The density and photosensitivity of human rhodopsin in the living retina. Journal of Physiology, London, 237, 341-370.
Alpern, M. (1967). Lack of uniformity in colour matching. Journal of Physiology, London, 288, 85-105.
Bowmaker, J.K. & Dartnall, H.J.A. (1980). Visual pigments of rods and cones in a human retina. Journal of Physiology, London, 298, 501-511.
Brindley, G.S. (1953). The effects on colour vision of adaptation to very bright lights. Journal of Physiology, London, 122, 332-350.
Brindley, G.S. (1955). A photochemical reaction in the human retina. Proceedings of the physical Society 68B, 862-870.
Burns, S.A. & Elsner, A.E. (1993). Color matching at high luminances: photopigment optical density and pupil entry. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 10, 221-230.
Dobelle, W.H., Marks, W.B. & MacNichol, E.F. (1969). Visual pigment densities in single primate foveal cones. Science 166, 1508-1510.
Elsner, A. E., Burns, S.A. & Webb, R.H. (1993). Mapping cone photopigment optical density. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 10, 52-58. Enoch, J.M. & Stiles, W.W. (1961). The colour change of monochromatic light with retinal angle of incidence. Optica Acta 8, 329-358.
Hecht, S., Shlaer, S. & Pirenne, M. (1942). Energy, quanta and vision. Journal of General Physiology 25, 819-840.
King-Smith, P.E. (1973a). The optical density of erythrolabe determined by retinal densitometry using the self-screening method. Journal of Physiology, London, 230, 535-549.
King-Smith, P.E. (1973b). The optical density of erythrolabe determined by a new method. Journal of Physiology, London, 230, 551-560.
van der Kraats, J. (1995). unpublished. Miller, S.S. (1972). Psychophysical estimates of visual pigment densities in red-green dichromats. Journal of Physiology, London, 223, 89-107.
Pokorny, J. & Smith, V.C. (1976). Effect of field size on red-green colour mixture equations. Journal of the Optical Society of America 66, 705-708.
Ripps, H. & Weale, R.A. (1965). Analysis of foveal densitometry. Nature 205, 52-56.
Rushton, W.A.H. (1963). The density of chlorolabe in the foveal cones of the protanope. Journal of Physiology, London, 168, 360-373.
Smith, V.C. & Porkorny, J. (1973). Psychophysical estimates of optical density in human cones. Vision Research 13, 1199-1202.
Terstiege, H. (1967). Untersuchungen zum Persistenz- und Koeffizientesatz. Farbe 16, 1-120.
Walraven, P.L. & Bouman, M.A. (1960). Relation between diretional sensitivity and spectral response curves in human cone vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America 50, 780-784.
Wyszecki, G. & Stiles, W.S. (1980). High-level trichromatic color matching and the pigment-bleaching hypothesis. Vision Research 20, 23-37.
Zwas, F. & Alpern, M. (1976). The density of human rhodopsin in the rods. Vision Research 16, 121-127.